Leadership programs in First National Bank

Initiative projects in First National Bank The specialist expects to introduce the instance of Leadership programs in First National Bank in a South African setting. The administration of First National Bank is Inspirational like numerous other South African associations anyway the endeavor of change has made the fascinating in the perspective on scientist. Specialist has additionally provoked a one of a kind style of exploration strategy that can best portray the case with greatest handy information and usage examinations of different administration perspectives. A methodological plan is framed by the scientist basing on the issues like information sources and strategies for information age that are conceivably accessible, and the Ontology of the techniques that the specialist had arranged a structure with. The possibility of the scientist in utilizing the group Ontology is to get the idea of the real world and human conduct, anyway absence of positivism despite everything exists in Ontology. Different logical strategies and methods are mulled over by the analyst to all the more likely present the case issues. As indicated by the analysts methodological structure the worldview, strategy, strategies and discoveries is discovered both subjective and quantitative. Consolidating strategies by blending subjective and quantitative techniques is getting progressively mainstream in authority research just as in different orders (Klenke, 2008). There are speculations drawn by different creators basing on the reasons, sources and examinations. Kezar (2002) proposes Positionality hypothesis to investigate how sex, race/ethnicity, level of overseer, and the job of a pioneer inside the association influence the manner in which the pioneer builds pictures of administration. Positionality hypothesis Creator Reason Information sources Investigation Kezar (2002) To analyze how positionality (for example race, sex, and so forth) identify with the development of administration Meetings, archive examination, reports, perceptions, investigation of physical condition Interpretive Basing on the positionality hypothesis, it is comprehended that the analyst have followed the structure of the methodological plan with an interrelation of subjective and quantitative examination. There are 5 fundamental advances followed by the scientist in the exploration procedure: Characterizing research questions and examination philosophy Examination techniques basing looking into the issue choice Configuration research instruments Gathering and coding essential information Investigating essential and optional information and decipher discoveries The writing audit of the scientist has all significant certainty discoveries about the examination point and set up solid foundation information about various hypothetical ideas. The scientist was fruitful in accomplishing triangulation of examination strategies by utilizing every single significant datum assortment techniques like perception, interviews, report investigation. It is guarantee by the scientist that the triangulation of information sources was followed in every one of the three distinct advances: Management issues, glancing FNB in a greater setting FNBs inside issues. A review of Leadership in Organizations South African Leadership and its Styles: Administration is broadly examined and concentrated however keeps on staying a slippery and foggy point. Realizing initiative is consistently when it is experienced (Rosenbach, 2006). Bratton characterizes initiative as affecting, rousing and empowering others to contribute toward the adequacy and accomplishment of the associations of which they are individuals (Bratton, 2007). The significance of idea of administration has begun expanding it esteem in present day times in associations particularly when the associations are worried in creating solid work culture, and building superior manageable work rehearses. There have been numerous contentions about the interrelationship among the board and authority capacities; the executives is related with words like arranging, sorting out, organizing actualizing where as administration rotate around vision, appeal, change specialist and inspiration. Customarily there are 2 kinds of administrations; Transactional Leadership and Transformational Leadership. (Taylor, 2006) Value-based Leadership: It is the fair exchange or trade among pioneer and devotees where by the pioneer impacts the supporters by concentrating on the personal matters of both. Value-based administration is considered as acceptable administrative initiative ability that is utilized basing on the circumstances that can bring about great execution. Transformational Leadership: The transformational pioneer inspires supporters to perform past desires by making mindfulness about the significance of vision and mission. Transformational pioneers empower supporters to change reason vigorously. Singular associations like to pick they style of administration basing on the associations culture and condition. As indicated by Matthew Valle; WLQ Report [Accessed on twelfth December 2010] Administration process in stable condition: Administration Processes Train laborers to foresee issues Results Performance Satisfaction Absenteeism Turnover Expectant culture Work Processes Anticipatory culture Routine Problems Stable condition Administration process in fierce condition Initiative Processes Train laborers to adjust to issues Routine Problems (emergency) violent condition Results Performance Satisfaction less Absenteeism less turnovers Expectant culture Work Processes Adaptive culture (Mathew Valle, 2002) Subsequently of the open associations are working in violent conditions, the need of study in a settling domain requests authority procedures to hold the control likewise. Since 1994 South Africa has encountered emotional changes both on a political just as financial front, realized by globalization just as another political regulation in SA. Separation during the politically-sanctioned racial segregation period prohibited Africans, Asians and Coloreds from the economy, bringing about minimal hierarchical authority aptitudes improvement among rejected races. After Democracy in 1994, work enactment was executed to change the disparities in the public eye; these measures incorporate, among others, Affirmative Action. Further entangling the current authoritative condition is: South Africa is a mix of the first and third world economy. The lack of gifted African specialists/administrators, with rewarding contributions particularly African guys, lead to work bouncing. Debasement, nepotism and culturalism. (To choose from own way of life, head of a clan acquired by birth not founded on administration aptitudes), political arrangements, observations and generalizing along racial and sex lines have high effect on the hierarchical authority demeanor.. Every one of these elements impact the kind of initiative that is named and how assorted variety is overseen in the cutting edge South African associations. Other social issues, for example, changes in training, wellbeing frameworks, HIV/AIDS, lodging, destitution, expanded crime percentage and numerous others, influencing the association and worker that work inside this social structure. As per Tinus Burgers, (Burgers, 2003) South Africa is simply starting to wake up from the post 1994 elation where whites were frantically attempting to grow their obscurity through toyi-toying and singing Shosoloza while individuals of color mistakenly accepted that white stuff will just vanish. There are still exceptionally profound felt contrasts and doubt between races making initiative in differing associations extremely testing. After majority rule races in 1994 assents against South Africa were lifted. South Africa developed as a worldwide player that needs to adjust to worldwide patterns so as to be serious. The quickened pace of innovative advancement requires brisk change and the need to move away from conventional administration rehearses. The impact of innovation (electronic systems, cell phones, and so on.), rises above national, land, time and hierarchical limits, increment in accessibility of data, impacts workers and authoritative conduct as representatives need to confront huge and quickened changes (Weeks, 2003). These quick changes in the worldwide condition and the South African circumstance tested the amusement of society at all levels. As indicated by Nkomo this diversion ranges from people changing personalities and jobs to the change of significant social establishments and money related organizations. In entirety, the initiative test for South African associations is: Retiring old speculation frameworks in corresponding with making new ones against the truth of fast globalization and informationalism (Nkomo, 2004). The African model of initiative varies from that of the West. Confidence and personal responsibility are docile to ethnicity and gathering dedication. Relational relations are put above individual accomplishments. Riches is above all else more distant family riches and afterward ethnic or innate riches, frequently to the cost of the association (Blunt, 1996). Ethnic cleavages can influence the exhibition of the association. Authority is paternalistic of nature. Pioneers present favors and expect and get compliance and respect, with agreement assuming a significant job in dynamic bringing about dynamic inside levels to be taking quite a while. There is additionally an incredible limit with regards to resistance and pardoning (Blunt, 1996). It was discovered that the initiative style in Africa is tyrant, customized, politicized and a powerful separation, with power accumulated at the top. In this specific situation, the pioneers work gets one of operationalising headings got from above , making them understood to subordinates and giving counsel and backing. African pioneers are along these lines overwhelmingly worried about the nature of progressive relationship with their bosses, as opposed to with individual or authoritative viability. This level of reliance on seniors by the more junior people is viewed as typical (Blunt, 1996). There is a manly predominance over every ethnic gathering. Administrative philosophies t

Success in its contemporary overview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Accomplishment in its contemporary outline - Essay Example This includes achievement of the set point and reason and this is joined by a good result of the applicable fundamental activity taken. On the other point of view however crediting to the above attestation is that achievement is the development advancement and the improvement of an individual getting better than anyone might have expected. When all is said in done I can attest that achievement implies for a person to have the option to accomplish what the individual has set to do or achieve. The individual whom I consider to be effective is the Barrack Hussein Obama. Sleeping enclosure Obama is the present leader of the United States of America. Sleeping quarters Obama being the principal dark president throughout the entire existence of America credits him to being an effective government official as well as a fruitful campaigner. The achievement of president Barrack Obama is extraordinarily credited to his effective achievements he has accomplished in USA for the principal term he is going to finish. Obama had the option to pass the all inclusive medicinal services bill whereby he had the option to achieve what different presidents like George Bush and Bill Clinton had fruitlessly attempted to pass. Furthermore is that Obama effectively forestalled the second extraordinary financial downturn which was approaching cap the time he took over initiative from the republican George Bush, he did this effectively by passing the monetary improvement along other imaginative arrangements received by the national governments. Obama has had the option to effectively end the war in Iraq by diminishing the quantity of American powers in Iraq. By completion the war the Obama government has had the option to get rid of the expensive and confused war with no unmistakable reason and point. Since the Obama government took over administration, the president has had the option to make a decent worldwide picture and the impression of USA. He has effectively fixed the awful picture by improving the relationship with other compelling remote powers over the world. Obama has effectively acquired changes the United States Judicial framework by effectively delegating two Supreme Court judges. Additionally it is striking that Obama has effectively gotten money related changes the different American modern part just as the instructive changes. With these couple of striking proof which properties Obama being an effective pioneer and a government official, there are a lot more which identifies with the equivalent. From this it tends to be declared that Obama is one of the effective lawmakers who will be recollected in the American history. As I would like to think achievement can't be seen to be dynamite however it is clear in an individual’s life. In this way whatever objective or target that one wants is encouraged by the achievement determinants which are all inclusive with respect to the accomplishment of a person. These determinants are the internal charact eristics and forces that are required for the accomplishment. The first is the individual’s capacity to settle on proper choices rapidly concerning what should be accomplished. Besides is the powerful urge that is required as a main impetus towards progress. This is praised by the self discipline which is the boosting spirit in instances of foreseen disappointments. The degree of focus likewise matters and this is the individual’s capacity to focus on the objectives and targets on what can anyone do. Another determinant is the set dreams which directs and propels the people towards progress. At long last respects to self-restraint and ingenuity where and individual to succeed must have a lot of code and morals that goes about as direction through should the way to progress. The individual recognized is his very own CEO organization which is has its activities everywhere throughout the nation. The individual likewise possesses different ventures as offers in various ben efit making organizations remarkably in different parts of the economy. He characterizes accomplishment as the capacity of the person to

Business Communication Essay Example for Free (#11)

Business Communication Essay His vision to give youthful, design forward people a novel method to communicate their distinction through style brought about a huge number of clients worldwide and moved his plans to the cutting edge of the style business. Everything began in 1990, with a simple $1,100 in his financial balance, Madden began creating shoe plans from his Queens-based production line and the Steve Maddenâ brand was conceived. With a ton of fearlessness, long stretches of involvement with the footwear business, and one of a kind inventive designs, Steve Maddenâ formed his own fruitful venture. After a year, Madden presented a reclassified adaptation of stage shoes, bringing about one of the most astounding examples of overcoming adversity in the mid 1990’s. Propelled by his preferred awesome stars of the 1970s, the thick, stout heel became Steve Madden’sâ signature and a marvel in women’s shoes. Madden’s footwear vision is persistently advancing. Steve once stated, â€Å"What moves me is the thing that I see individuals wearing in the city of the world from New York to London and past. I get my thoughts and motivation from looking for some kind of employment everywhere throughout the world. Today, design is directed by singular style. To me, the design of things to come is whatever a youthful person or young lady feels great wearing as long asâ it’s set up in the correct manner. † (www. stevemadden . com) Today, the Steve Maddenâ brand speaks to a way of life. It is tied in with grasping style while as yet keeping up that out of control freedom that originally characterized the brand 20 years prior. Growing now into clothing and different extras, for example, dresses, purses, belts, sunwear, chilly climate, outerwear and hosiery, Steve Maddenâ is continually looking toward to what's to come. As 2013 starts, additionally energizing open doors are not too far off including re-bundling, new store structure rollout and extension in worldwide markets. The days when the future didn't appear to be so splendid In April 2002, Mr. Infuriate found that neither his financial specialists nor government makes a decision about take too merciful to even think about stocking control and protections misrepresentation. Steve Madden’s gifts as a shoe fashioner helped him construct a 240 million dollar realm in his own name. In any case, by his own affirmation, that wasn’t enough †he was insatiable for additional. His covetousness cost him around 8,000,000 dollars and control of the very organization that brought him such wealth. Rankle was condemned in 2002 to 41 months in jail for his job in a stock cheat plot facilitated by the now-shut business, Stratton Oakmont. His bad behaviors incorporate planning to control the stock costs of in excess of 20 organizations, including his own. Furthermore, he did it to the detriment of people in general as well as his own financial specialists who lost in excess of 100 million. Other than paying compensation, Madden needed to leave as CEO of Steve Madden Ltd and leave the governing body. He is additionally banished from holding a situation as official for a long time. Nonetheless, he retained an innovative situation until his jail sentence started that fall and will probably fill that limit upon discharge later this spring. In the interim, those left to prop the organization up in his nonattendance immediately began their harm control endeavors. Another governing body was immediately gathered. Among those chosen were Madden’s sibling and a corporate bookkeeping master. When their previous pioneer started reimbursing his obligation to society, organization heads started cleaning Steve Madden Limited’s money related house; ensuring stock costs precisely mirrored the strength of the business. The organization completely helped out the SEC’s examination and recruited an autonomous evaluating organization to oversee the procedure. Those days and even today, the company’s budgetary practices are an open and all around kept book. Anybody could get the most recent monetary news from a similar site by loging on to for the most recent shoe structures. In the wake of taking off any longer potential legitimate misfortunes, the board started to concentrate on keeping the business itself strolling tall. In the event that the company’s deals reports were any sign, not having â€Å"Steve† hasn’t truly harmed Steve Madden Limited. While the organizer has been in a Florida jail, the company’s the board based on his vision by venturing into different territories. â€Å"Steve† by Steve Madden moved the organization from the stylish 16 to multi year old segment into upscale footwear for a progressively full grown group. The organization authorized Candie’s and Unionbay footwear for men. As opposed to attempt to supplant or substitute Madden’s configuration eye, they took what they had and acquainted it with new markets. It worked. As per organization reports, almost the entirety of the brands have expanded net revenues and stock levels. In an official statement, the board communicated trust that their benefits would have expanded in 2005 as looked at 2004 (which really occurred). 2. Corporate Communication after the Bad Publicity But jail didn’t break Steve Maddenâ€or his organization. Like such huge numbers of today’s big name convicts, from Martha Stewart to Paris Hilton, Madden says he rose a changed individual. He carried out his punishment, doing yardwork, encouraging business classes to different detainees, perusing four books every week (from â€Å"The Devil Wears Prada† to David McCullough’s â€Å"Truman†) and siphoning iron fanatically. I used to wear this tank top in prison,† he says. â€Å"And I’d gaze at myself and flex. I never did that. † He even got hitched, to a Madden worker who desired standard visits. Furthermore, when he was discharged in April 2005, Madden says, he was â€Å"stronger truly, intellectually, spiritually† than he†™d ever been. After the arrival of Steve Madden from jail, he chose not to avoid the approaching arrival of its namesake originator from jail. The organization was advancing the arrival of its innovative pioneer in a progression of eye-getting banners and print commercials, and is having some good times with it all the while. While the promotions don't state where Madden has been, one recommends, in a wink-wink sort of way, that Mr. Chafe has not been on a holiday, a mystery crucial up the Amazon collecting snakes: â€Å"A new significance for the word spring time. Steve returns. Spring 2005. † The organization had propelled a fairly intriguing press battle observing Steve Madden’s forthcoming discharge from jail. One highlights a young lady wearing a lower leg wristband and another highlights an unfilled pair of shoes with the words, â€Å"There’s one sets of shoes that’s been difficult to fill. Steve returns Spring 2005. Others suggest Madden getting â€Å"sprung† in Spring 2005. Budgetary Dynamics, the shoe retailer’s speculator relations office, says the crusade is a positive method of managing the jail sentence. It downplays the company’s inconveniences, communicating something specific that the board is over it and clients should feel a similar w ay. It’s likewise a definite fire approach to get individuals discussing the brand. With regards to deals, the main awful exposure is no exposure. Some time ago, an organization, especially one that offered items to the general population, would avoid exposure on the off chance that it could when a senior official experienced legitimate burdens. The possibility that an organization †particularly one like Steve Madden, which sells shoes for the most part to adolescent young ladies and ladies in their 20’s †would really run advertisements pointing out its leader’s jail past would have surprised specialists in fields like brand character, promoting and advertising. â€Å"I love contention; I love redefining known limits, yet when you have a more youthful client you have an obligation to take the law and authority seriously,† said James LaForce, accomplice at LaForce and Stevens in New York, a promoting interchanges office spend significant time in style and amusement customers. That was obviously before Martha Stewart, whose open picture has, by beginning measures, apparently picked up in height after her discharge from government jail. A vivid paper fold embellished with a photo of her supporting a chicken, pronouncing â€Å"Welcome home, Martha,† was joined to the front of April’s Martha Stewart Living magazine, distributed by Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia. Organizations like Mr. Madden’s and Ms. Stewart’s may likewise be bound to grasp their indicted administrators, since those officials have a lot of impact in the meeting room. Hesitance about an executive’s past likewise originates before a world wherein rappers can discover the deals of their music expanding in appearing lock step with the seriousness of their scratches with the law. â€Å"It’s in now to be out, out of jail, that is,† said Paul Cappelli, CEO at the Ad Store in New York, a promoting office that makes battles for brands like JetBlue. â€Å"I could see myself proposing something like this to a client,† Cappelli stated, â€Å"that as opposed to overlooking the 5,000-pound elephant in the corner, you should bring it out beyond all detectable inhibitions and take advantage of it. Robert Passikoff, who has been following shopper reaction to the Martha Stewart brand as leader of Brand Keys in New York, a brand and client devotion expert, said that his record of its worth had as of late risen. The file has move to 96, Mr. Passikoff stated, contrasted and a base of 62 †â€Å"lower than Enron,† he said â € before she entered jail. (The pinnacle was 122 in May 2002. ) Is the new symbol of respect, I served my time? We don't know it doesn’t eventually hurt, regardless of whether the American open is to a great extent excusing when individuals serve their time. The battle is attempting to make him the essence of the brand yet who needs the face with numbers under it? † Steve Madden is not quite the same as Martha Stewart, on the grounds that not at all like her, he was never the brand. He was the mark

Lab on Aspirin Tablets Essay Example

Lab on Aspirin Tablets Essay This lab was essentially about finding the level of acetylsalicylic corrosive in a headache medicine tablet. To begin with, the base was made, which was made out of 1. 00 g of NaOH and D-water. At that point the buret was connected to the clasp on the ring stand and the base was filled the buret. From that point forward, individually, a headache medicine tablet was dropped into an Erlenmeyer flagon loaded up with 50 mL of D-water so it could get broke up. After the tablet was totally broken up, a couple of drops of phenol were included, and the base was included gradually, changing the shade of the blend into a pink. The jar was to be turned around. This was completed multiple times, attempting to get the pink shading to remain for at any rate two minutes. Materials: * D-water * Scale * Slop measuring utencil * Erlenmeyer Flask x3 * Volumetric Flask * Ring Stand * Buret * Buret Clamp * Phenolphthalein * NaOH * Weighing pontoons * Aspirin Tablets x3 * Stirring Rod * Scoopula Purpose: The motivation behind this lab was to discover the level of acetylsalicylic corrosive in n ibuprofen tablet. Hypothesis/Intro: Aspirin has various properties that make it the most suggested medicate pretty regularly. It is a pain relieving, which implies that it is powerful in relief from discomfort. Being a calming operator, it is likewise gives some alleviation from the growing related with joint pain and minor wounds. It likewise lessens fever since it is an antipyretic compound. In excess of 40 million pounds of ibuprofen are delivered in the U. S. consistently. This rate separates to around 300 tablets for each year for each lady, man, and youngster. We will compose a custom exposition test on Lab on Aspirin Tablets explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Lab on Aspirin Tablets explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Lab on Aspirin Tablets explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer In any case, rehashed use may cause gastrointestinal dying, and huge portions can incite a large group of responses including heaving, the runs, vertigo, and pipedreams. The normal portion is roughly 0. 3-1 g, yet single portions of 10-30 g can be fatal. The most significant compound in the union of ibuprofen, salicylic corrosive, is set up from phenol by a procedure found more than 100 years back by a German physicist Hermann Kolbe. Otherwise called acetylsalicylic corrosive, anti-inflamatory medicine has a substance recipe of C9H8O4. Anti-inflamatory medicine is sold over the counter and comes in a wide range of structures. You can have white tablets to biting gum and rectal suppositories. Likewise accessible are covered, chewable, cushioned and broadened discharge structures. Over the counter drugs like Alka-Seltzer Original Effervescent Antacid Pain Reliever, contains headache medicine for relief from discomfort. Anti-inflamatory medicine has a place with a gathering of medications called salicylates. Headache medicine isn’t so natural on the stomach since it is immediately consumed into the circulatory system and gives snappy and generally durable help with discomfort. Ibuprofen likewise lessens irritation. Analysts accept these impacts come about on the grounds that anti-inflamatory medicine obstructs the creation of agony delivering synthetic compounds which are called prostaglandins. While it relieves torment and lessen irritation, it likewise brings down fever by following up on the piece of the mind that directs temperature. The cerebrum at that point imparts signs to the veins to extend, which permit any warmth to leave the body all the more successfully. Techniques: 1. Make 100 mL of 0. 20M NaOH arrangement. 2. Discover mass of one tablet. 3. Break up tablet in jar utilizing, 50mL of D-water. Utilize a mixing pole to help with smashing and dissolving the tablet. There ought to be some fine substances on the base of the flagon, it’s the starches put in the tablets. 4. While one accomplice is dissolving the tablet the other one ought to set up the buret and stand. Spot the cinch on the stand. Next wash the buret with a little D-water before putting the buret on the clip. Next fill the buret with NaOH arrangement up to a spot over the â€Å"O† checking on the buret. Open the buret, to permit a portion of the base to run into a slop measuring glass subsequently filling the tip. Ensure the degree of the fluid is currently beneath the zero imprint. Record the perusing subsequent to filling the tip. 5. Include a few drops of the marker, phenolphthalein, to the carafe. 6. Gradually include the base while whirling the cup. Proceed with include base until a black out pink shading remains in jar. Record the incentive from the buret. Include a couple of drops more and check whether the shading stays and changes. You don't need a dim purple shading. Record the last estimation of base required. 7. Rehash the procedure for two additional tablets, for three altogether. Top off the buret after every preliminary. Drawing Observations: 1. The ibuprofen tablets were white. 2. The headache medicine tablets had a smooth surface. 3. The headache medicine tablets were scentless. 4. The NaOH was an iced white shading. 5. The NaOH was unscented. 6. The base was an unmistakable shading; no fine substances were deserted. . At the point when the NaOH was placed in D-water it broke up altogether abandoning nothing. 8. At the point when the headache medicine tablets were placed in D-water they required a long time to break up. 9. At the point when the headache medicine tablets were at last broken up, fine substances were de serted. 10. At the point when the base was blended in with the disintegrated headache medicine tablets nothing occurred. 11. At the point when the drops of phenol were included, at that point the blend turned pink. 12. From the start, the base was added to rapidly so it transformed into a dim pink, practically purple. 13. In the wake of turning the blend a couple of times it would lose its pink shading and turn around into a reasonable shading. 4. At the subsequent attempt, the base transformed into a medium pink shading. 15. It stood pink for a more drawn out timeframe, roughly 1 moment. 16. The blends for each of the three preliminaries were scentless. 17. At the last attempt, the base was a light pink shading, and it remained for two minutes. 18. At the point when an excessive amount of base was added to the phenol/broke down anti-inflamatory medicine, the blend would transform into a dim pink. 19. At the point when the base was included gradually, the pink shading kept going a m ore extended time. 20. The quicker the base was included, the darker the blend got, and the more it took to come back to its unique clear shading. End: One wellspring of mistake could’ve been that the NaOH arrangement that was filled the buret wasn’t at the zero imprint. This could have influenced the final products in such a case that it wasn’t at the zero imprint that implies that we had progressively fluid at that point required, so when the base was filled the phenol/broke down anti-inflamatory medicine blend the accounts weren’t exact. That implies that the computations were lost on the grounds that an inappropriate sum was utilized. Another wellspring of blunder could’ve been that when the 1. 00 g of NaOH was estimated it wasn’t accurate. The scale is delicate and possibly breathing could’ve influenced the result. This influences our outcomes since now there isn’t as much NaOH as there ought to be in the base, which could cause a distinction when the headache medicine and phenol are blended in with base. The shading could’ve possibly remained for more. The last wellspring of mistake could’ve been that the base was poured in too rapidly from the buret, causing the shading change to be off.

Punting

Punting Punting is a really relaxing and nice way to spend the afternoon if youre not the punter. My name is Lucy and Im a junior studying civil engineering. Im participating in the Cambridge-MIT Exchange Program for the 2007-2008 academic year along with 24 other MIT students. Its been a week since we came and classes are starting tomorrow. The really great thing about coming to Cambridge is that were invited to all the Freshers (thats what they call Freshmen here) Week activities, like this BBQ: I went punting today with freshers from Gonville and Caius College (one of the 31 colleges at Cambridge University). The term punting in MIT lingo means to relax, chill, and avoid pseting (the opposite of punting is tooling). But here in the other Cambridge, its an actual activity where youre on a river, in a boat, moving along through the use of a big stick. The punter stands at the end of the boat, drops this stick down to the river bottom, and pushes the boat forward with the stick (see picture below). Sounds easy, looks easy, but is actually extremely difficult. I was terrified to be standing up at the end of the boat. My knees were shaking! Between trying to stay on the boat, trying to find the bottom with my stick, and ducking past bridges, I dont think I accomplished much. None of the other freshers on my boat had ever punted before so our boat zigzagged along the river bumping into walls and other boats. Luckily no one fell off although someone came really close. And yes, what Mirat said about Harry Potter is true. I now own a wizards robe and have been dining in a big hall with 4 long tables where I am served a three course meal by waiters and waitresses. But I bet Harry Potter didnt dine with Stephen Hawkings! Yeah, he was at dinner the other day! It was so amazing to see him in person. He is a fellow at Gonville and Caius College (where Im staying) and dines here regularly. Hes in this picture!!! The really pretty panoramic picture you see on top of this page is of Kings College. I walk pass this several times a day and it is definitely very pretty. But what I find most interesting about this college is their cows:

Caliban The Monster - Literature Essay Samples

The concept of monstrosity, at an explicit representational level, has followed a set pattern in literature, but it has been politically deployed and modified differently in different contexts. Etymologically, the word â€Å"monster† is derived from the Latin monstrum, meaning â€Å"that which reveals† a warning or a portent. It is often used to refer to misshapen or deformed creatures. In Elizabethan England, with the various voyages, discoveries, and travel narratives of the time such as The Wonders of the East, the Liber Monstrorum, or the Travels of Sir John Mandeville the connotations of the term extended to the other races. In fact, representing another culture as monstrous often served to justify its displacement, or even its extermination. William Shakespeare’s work boasts of richly crafted characters such as Iago (from Othello), Macbeth, and Edmund (from King Lear) who are often deemed monstrous due to their moral degeneracy and malignancy. Nicholas R oyle asserts, â€Å"Shakespeare is relentlessly concerned with making up monsters, with what is ‘unacceptable,’ ‘intolerable,’ and ‘incomprehensible’ in characters,† often associating ontological differences (for instance, dark skin in the case of Aaron, the Moor [from Titus Andronicus]) or deformity (the hunchbacked Richard III) with moral depravity. However, it is only in The Tempest (1611) that Shakespeare creates a literal monster in Caliban. Although he dwells on the idea of human bestiality in A Midsummer Night’s Dream when the character of Nick Bottom is transformed into a being with the head of an ass, that monstrosity is treated in the comic mode, and upon Bottom’s transformation back to his normal state, the very idea is relegated to the status of a dream, thereby denigrating its subversive potential. It is only in The Tempest that there is a profound investigation of the concept of monstrosity in human nature, es pecially but not exclusively in the figure of Caliban. In fact, the play is remarkably open to complex and even contradictory interpretations of the nature of monstrosity, which can be thoroughly explored on the basis of the text. The primary focus of this paper is on Caliban, but an attempt is to link the portrayal of that character to the larger question of what constitutes the notion of monstrosity itself, as well as its changing connotations within the context of changing Anglo-American attitudes, and finally to locate the subversive possibility of the interchangeability of the human and the monster by exposing the fragile boundaries that separate them. The implicit threat from the monster’s body arises from its amorphousness and its propensity to change. Because of its fluid nature, the monster’s body presents a disturbing hybridity, which defies the classificatory system of signification. The monster thus becomes an ideal deconstructive symbol, disrupting †Å"the totalizing conceptions of nature and destroying taxonomic logics, at once defining and challenging the limits of the natural† (Milburn). Derrida writes that, â€Å"A monster is always alive Monsters are living beings A monster is a species for which we do not yet have a name it frightens precisely because no anticipation had prepared one to identify this figure.† Throughout the text of The Tempest, the precise nature of Caliban’s monstrosity is nebulous. In the 1623 folio, Caliban is described in the cast of characters as a â€Å"savage and deformed slave†; since then he has been variously identified as a drunken beast, a perverted form of Montaigne’s noble savage, a Darwinian â€Å"missing link,† a â€Å"fish man,† and an â€Å"ape man,† among others. He comes closest to what David Williams’ taxonomical characterization regards as â€Å"Nature Monstrous†: deformed figures of nature that are products of human and animal components combined, or combinations of parts of animals of different species. Conversely, the vague but persistent references to his deformity make it difficult to oust him from the category of what Williams calls the â€Å"body monstrous,† which includes the deformation of the body in terms of size, head, or unusual construction or in terms of the use of various body parts. The â€Å"freckled whelp,† for example, is the product of the illicit intermingling between the Algerian witch Sycorax and the Devil himself; his ruling deity is Setebos, who was worshipped by the Patagonian natives. He is referred to as â€Å"earth,† â€Å"hag-seed,† â€Å"fish,† â€Å"monster,† â€Å"a thing of darkness,† â€Å"puppy-headed,† â€Å"tortoise,† â€Å"misshapen,† and â€Å"moon-calf† on different occasions in the text. However, none of these terms give a clear idea of either his exact deformity or the precis e nature of his monstrosity. Moreover, despite regarding Caliban belonging to a â€Å"vile race,† Miranda does recognize that, even with his grotesque features, his form is essentially human; her reference to Ferdinand as â€Å"the third man that e’er I saw† inevitably precludes the possibility of the first two being anyone other than Prospero and Caliban. This classification is reaffirmed in Prospero’s implied comparison of Ferdinand, the handsome young prince (â€Å"a thing divine†), and Caliban when he states: â€Å"to the most of man this is a Caliban.† Jeffrey J. Cohen suggests that â€Å"the monster signifies something other than itself; it is always a displacement, always inhabits the gap between the time of upheaval that created it and the moment into which it is received, to be born again.† The monster functions as a dialectical other who is created to maintain the difference in the world of its creators. In fact, it is alway s a construction, a projection of the fears and anxieties which demonize the subject in the first place. The criterion itself is arbitrary. Any kind of disparity whether racial, cultural, sexual, or political can be projected onto the monstrous body. Apart from his physical monstrosity, Caliban is Prospero’s and Miranda’s racial other as well. Even in twentieth-century performances of The Tempest, Caliban’s grotesque physical features were often toned down, but in most cases it was still a black actor (or one adorned with black face paint) chosen to perform the role of the monster. The exaggeration or even distortion of the racial other as a monstrous aberration is a trope found from the classical period onward. In this context, Prospero’s fear for the honor of his daughter can be seen as a fear of the contamination of the purity of the race as well as a fear of miscegenation. It is Caliban’s attempted violation of Miranda’s honor that ear ns him the wrath of Prospero and for which he is punished. This anxiety is, however, not uncommon; in a patriarchal social formation, the feminine and cultural others are anyways relegated to the margins. Their intermingling therefore is not merely a challenge to the homosocial order of patriarchy: the â€Å"unholy† alliance can also lead to a loss of identity. Caliban himself is the product of such a union between the witch Sycorax and the Devil himself. On the other hand, Caliban’s response to the charge of rape associates him with a separate order of existence; as a being that exists in the state of nature, the desire for sexual union without a cultural bond is not unnatural to him, and racial difference does not prefigure as a hindrance to it. Cohen states that the monsters can claim an independent identity only after they are assembled as such through a process of fragmentation and reconfiguration. However, since the difference itself is arbitrary, the monster cha llenges the system itself that is, the world of its creators who created the difference in the first place. Observed in this light, Caliban’s attempt to procreate with Miranda to people â€Å"the isle with Calibans† is not just a manifestation of his raw sexuality, nature taking over nurture. Rather, it is also aimed at removing the difference that has been arbitrarily written on his body. Moreover, Caliban’s plan to assassinate Prospero can be seen as a continuation of this project, as the latter is the cultural apparatus that has produced the meaning in the first place and consequently marginalized him. It is Prospero who brings the cultural norms of his Milanese society to the â€Å"uninhabited† island and imposes them. His adherence to those sociocultural norms is evident later in the Ferdinand-Miranda scenes, too; he is constantly on guard despite his own plan to unite the two. In fact, Prospero’s paternalism does not allow any scope for th e exercise of any kind of agency in the case of either Caliban or Miranda. Caliban is Prospero’s monster-slave. However, it is not because of the latter’s superiority or the inherent inferiority of the â€Å"vile races.† Rather, it is through magic that Prospero keeps Caliban confined to his rock and makes him perform all of his menial tasks. Caliban himself is acutely aware of this. He knows that it is necessary to separate Prospero from his books of sorcery if his plan to kill Prospero is to succeed: â€Å"remember / first to possess his books; for without them he’s but a sot as I am, nor hath not / one spirit to command they all do hate him / as rootedly as I† (Tempest). Although Caliban does not know about the specific presence of Ariel, his observation is not untrue. Prospero might have freed Ariel from the cloven pine where Sycorax had imprisoned him, but he himself is no different. Upon hearing Ariel’s demand for freedom, Prospero ca lls him â€Å"malignant thing† and threatens him: â€Å"I will rend an oak / and peg thee in his knotty entrails till / thou has howled away twelve winters† (Tempest). Moreover, from Ariel’s list of activities performed for Prospero, it becomes clear that the latter has used Ariel to indulge his whims and fancies on many an occasion. From this perspective, there is not much difference between Antonio, who usurped Prospero’s kingdom, and Prospero himself. Moreover, by endowing Prospero with supernatural powers and not Caliban, despite his unnatural origins, Shakespeare inverts the hierarchical power relation between the man and the monster. As a consequence of this inversion, not only is Caliban placed in a position of subjugation, but he is also not feared by anyone despite his horrific appearance; in contrast, the human Prospero is dreaded by all. Prospero’s attempts to civilize Caliban can be seen as metaphorically destroying the racial-cultural other destroying the monster by bringing him under his own influence. His inability to do so on the one hand leads him to an acknowledgement of his own failure: â€Å"this thing of darkness I acknowledge my own† (Tempest); but on the other hand, it leads him to vilify the unsynthesizable: â€Å"a devil, a born devil, on whose nature / nurture cannot stick; on whom my pains, / humanely taken, all, all lost, quite lost; / and as with age his body uglier grows I will plague them all† (Tempest). The teaching of language to Caliban by both father and daughter takes on a new meaning in this cultural context. Language becomes an essential tool in establishing power over an environment and its inhabitants what Stephen Greenblat calls â€Å"linguistic colonialism.† They take it for granted that they have introduced language to one who â€Å"wouldst gabble like / a thing most brutish†; that Caliban might already have his own language is not even considered as a p ossibility by the former, an oversight that Caliban points out: â€Å"you taught me language I know how to curse. The red plague rid you / for learning me your (my emphasis) language† (Tempest). Contemporary linguistic theories too prove that the first language is acquired unconsciously; it is only a second language that has to be learned consciously.Moreover, there is disparity between how other people perceive Caliban and what his own thoughts and actions reveal. He is shown as having emotions in fact, he is almost poetically sensitive to nature and although gullible, he is intelligent enough to have learned another language, and then further to use that language for resistance rather than servitude. Besides, he has an acute awareness of being used and then displaced, at least in the feudal sense, by Prospero, who for him is a usurper: â€Å"the island’s mine by Sycorax my mother, / which thou tak’st from me.† In fact, Caliban’s plan with Trinc ulo and Stephano to assassinate Prospero, gruesome as it is, is the product of natural grievances. In contrast, Antonio and Sebastian’s plan to kill the latter’s brother (Alonso, the king of Naples) is the consequence of lust for power. Unlike Caliban, they are neither displaced nor do they have any legitimate grievance; they aren’t even inebriated. By drawing a parallel between the two scenes, Shakespeare demands a closer investigation of the nature of monstrosity itself while questioning the values and benefits of Jacobean civilization. The physically deformed creature may be mentally depraved, but the well-formed and well-placed characters have an equally dwarfed conscience. For example, Antonio states: â€Å"ay, sir [Sebastian], where lies that [conscience]? I feel not this deity in my bosom† (Tempest). As Jan Kott argues, in the Shakespearean world there is â€Å"no distinguishable difference between good kings and tyrants or kings and clowns. Ter ror and struggle for power is not a privilege of princes, it is a law of the world.† The influence of the French thinker Michel de Montaigne is palpable in Shakespeare. In his essay â€Å"Of the cannibals,† he compares the brutality and fanaticism of the Christians against each other in the French civil wars to cannibalism: â€Å"I think there is more barbarism in eating men alive than to feed upon them being dead, to mangle by tortures and torments a body full of lively sense.† Montaigne also states that the cannibals may be called barbarians â€Å"in respect to the rules of reason, but not in respect to ourselves, who surpass them in every kind of barbarity.† Thus, the relative extent of â€Å"barbarity† is not merely associated with a culture or a particular point of view, but also with degrees. Shakespeare performs a similar task in pointing out the relative nature of barbarity or even monstrosity. The honest old counselor Gonzalo’s speec h is almost a paraphrase of Montaigne: â€Å"if I should say I saw such islanders / though they are of monstrous shape, yet note, / their manners are more gentle, kind, than of / our human generation you shall find† (Tempest). This relativism can also be found in Prospero’s comments about Ferdinand when he is chiding Miranda for her attraction to the former: â€Å"to th’ most of men this is a Caliban, / and they to him are angels† (Tempest). Although the character of Prospero is only play-acting in order to raise the worth of his daughter â€Å"lest too light winning / make the prize light† (Tempest), the playwright subtly questions the basis for claims to humanity and denial of monstrosity. Shakespeare’s text seems to suggest that monstrosity is something inherent in human beings; civilization can be the guard that suppresses or better still represses it, but it is impossible to completely eliminate it. It is therefore of little surprise t hat the psychoanalytic school of criticism has often seen Prospero and Caliban as the self and the repressed â€Å"other,† respectively. In fact, the monster bears greater similarities to what Julia Kristeva calls the â€Å"Abject†; while the Repressed, although it presents a continual possibility of return, disappears entirely from consciousness, the Abject is always at the periphery of consciousness. The threat in this sense from the monster’s body to the self is both conscious and unconscious. To bring some semblance of order and restore stability, it is necessary that the monster be exiled or destroyed. Even Derrida, despite his celebration of monstrosity (material as well as semiotic) as a deconstructive icon and its capacity to violate the â€Å"natural† order of things, recognizes that it has an awful side as well. He notes that monsters, â€Å"because of their violences, must be continually subjected to deconstruction by their own monstrosities.à ¢â‚¬  Toward the end of the play, Caliban is ousted from the purview of the geographical locus because, despite having already been subdued, the monster remains a potential threat: it can never be fully integrated or assimilated. Yet, conceptually, the monster can never be exterminated: by being the perpetual other, the Abject, the monster validates the category of the self, and in its absence, the binary itself will break down. Works ConsultedCohen, Jeffrey Jerome (editor). Monster Theory: Reading Culture. Minneapolis, London: University of Minnesota Press- 1996.Frey, Charles. â€Å"The Tempest and the New World.† Shakespeare Quarterly, Vol. 30, No. 1 (Winter, 1979), pp. 29-41. Published by: Folger Shakespeare Library in association with George Washington University. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2869659.Hattaway, Michael (Editor). A Companion to English Renaissance Literature and Culture. Blackwell Publishers Limited, 2000.Ingebretsen, Edward J. â€Å"Staking th e Monster: A Politics of Remonstrance†. Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation, Vol. 8, No. 1 (Winter, 1998), pp. 91-116. Published by: University of California Press. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1123915.Joshi, S. T (edited). â€Å"The Monster† by Richard Bleiler in Icons of Horror and the Supernatural: An Encyclopaedia of our Worst Nightmares, Volumes 1 and 2.Greenwood Press, 2007.Kott, Jan. Shakespeare Our Contemporary. London: Methuen Co. Limited, 1965.Kristeva, Julia. The Powers of Horror: An essay on Abjection translated by Leon S. Roudiez. New York: Columbia University Press, 1982.McAfee, Noelle. Routledge Critical Thinkers: Julia Kristeva. London and New York: Routledge, 2004.McCloskey, John C. â€Å"Caliban, Savage Clown† College English, Vol. 1, No. 4 (Jan., 1940), pp. 354-357. Published by: National Council of Teachers of English. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/370659.Milburn, Colin Nazhone. â€Å"Monsters in E den: Darwin and Derrida.† MLN 118 (2003): 603-621  © 2003. Published by: The Johns Hopkins University Press.Monsters. Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology. 2001. (http://www.encyclopedia.com).Punday, Daniel. â€Å"Narrative Performance in the Contemporary Monster Story.† The Modern Language Review, Vol. 97, No. 4 (Oct., 2002), pp. 803-820. Published by: Modern Humanities Research Association. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3738613.Royle, Nicholas. Routledge Critical Thinkers: Jacques Derrida. London and New York: Routledge, 2007.Shakespeare, William. The Tempest. Editor: Peter Hulme and William H. Sherman. New York and London, W. W. Norton and Company, 2004.Shakespeare, William. â€Å"Introduction.† The Tempest, Editor: Frank Kermode, The Arden Shakespeare. London: Methuen and Co. Limited 1954.Sprunger, David. (1998): Review of David Williams’ Deformed Discourse: The Function of the Monster in Mediaeval Thought and Literature. Montreal: McGill Queens University Press, 1996.Vaughan, Virginia Mason. â€Å"‘Something Rich and Strange’: Calibans Theatrical Metamorphoses.† Shakespeare Quarterly, Vol. 36, No. 4 (Winter, 1985), pp. 390-405. Published by: Folger Shakespeare Library in association with George Washington University. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2870303.

The Social Pressures Of Large Group On How Individuals...

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