Cache Level 3 Childcare- Unit 2 Assignment

Unit 2 Assignment A child develops through its whole life. They can develop; physically, linguistically, intellectually, socially and behaviourally. â€Å"Physical development is the way in which the body increases in skill and becomes more complex in its performance† [Meggitt, 2000, Page 2]. Twenty five days after conception; the body of the chid has developed immensely from the small fertilised egg. Up to birth the foetus mainly develops physically however once the child is born the child then begins the long process of development. Not only do the gross motor skills and the fine motor skills develop on the baby, but the sensory development also widens on the child. Birth to 12 months Motor control develops from the head, moves down through the arms and the trunk and then to the legs and feet, according to an item on early development on the online magazine Parenting. Initial movements are reflexive in nature, such as turning the head to the side when the cheek is stroked, which aids in feeding. As the initial survival reflexes fade, motor skills are related to the growing ability to observe and interact with the environment. At 3 months of age, the infant progresses to lifting the head and chest up when lying in its belly and may press up with its arms. A 3-month-old kicks its legs when lying on the belly or back, and bats at and briefly grasps toys. The World Health Organisation 1996 indicates that between 3 and 4 months, he begins rolling with belly to back first, and back to belly closer to 6 months. The following average ages of motor milestone achievement come from a 1996 study by the World Health Organisation. The average age at which infants sat without support was 6 months. The average age for standing with support was 7. 6 months. Infants in the study crawled on hands and knees at 8. 5 months. Walking with assistance occurred at 9 months. The average age of an infant who achieved standing alone was 11 months. In regards to communication a newborn infant will cry to indicate need. They will make brief eye-contact and can often respond to high-pitch tones by moving their limbs. A month after birth the baby changes from crying to cooing and gurgling to express need. They will cry in more expressive ways to experiment and learn how to make different noises. This is the basis in which the child will learn to speak and communicate more effectively. By the age of 3 months the child can change their tone and intensity to express a more important need such as feeding or pain. They can also become more conversational in which this is the point where the child will learn turn-taking and from this will be able to communicate at an older age with their parents or carers more effectively. When the child is 6 months old they can understand simple words such as ‘bye-bye’. They can also make gestures to support speech such as raising their arms to be picked up. At this age they begin to progress to babbling using monosyllables and later combining these to begin forming their first words. By their first birthday the child will be able to understand the command ‘no’ and will soon imitate noises made by the environment around them and in particular the noises made by their careers. The child will also be able to point to support their language such as ‘mummy’ whilst pointing to their mum. They will also be able to say 2-6 simple words by combining their monosyllables. The child will also experiment with babbling to make up new words with no meaning. 2 months-23 months A child can walk unsupported across a room with stopping or changing direction between 13 and 15 months. Around 18 months, kicking and throwing balls, running, climbing stairs with assistance, and propelling scoot toys join the toddler's set of mobility and play skills. Between the ages of 12-23 months the child will be able to name simple parts of their body such as head and hands, they will also be able to identify pictures such as dog, cat and car. At eighteen months the child’s vocabulary will extend to around 40 words and will be able to understand around 80 words. Their speech extends to the holophrastic stage and often this is supported by gestures. They will also be able to recognise their own name and will be most likely be able to pronounce it. 24 months-35 months Between the ages of 2 and 3, balance improves and the toddler walks with a smoother gait. During this period she learns to stand briefly on one foot, walk backwards, and walk on tiptoes. A child jumps in place around 24 months and progresses to jumping over a small obstacle by 36 months. At 24 months she climbs a small ladder and goes down a small slide, then manoeuvres on a variety of playground equipment around 35 months. Between 30 and 34 months, toddlers begin to walk up stairs alternating feet without a hand held or use of a railing. Other play skills expected within a few months of the third birthday are catching a playground ball that has been tossed to the child and pedalling a tricycle. At the age of 2 their language develops to the telegraphic stage meaning their speech is similar to telegrams, approximately two or three words which express a need or command. At 2 the child will often ask many questions to extend their vocabulary further, such as ‘what’s that? ’ They will share songs and rhymes however will be unsure of some words. This changes at the age of 30 months when the child will be able to say some nursery rhymes with little support and will begin to speak to themselves (monologues) through play. Between three to seven years a child changes physically in many ways. The child becomes physically more independent and therefore allows the gift of exploration to enhance learning. 3 years Towards the end of the Childs third year they can build towers with 9 or more bricks, walk backwards and jump the steps. Also the child will gain a good spatial awareness meaning they can move around objects efficiently. The child can also copy letters such as ‘v’, ‘h’, and ‘t’ due to the use of only straight lines. This shows the child is not yet gained accurate pencil control to attain curved letters. At the age of three a child, if another language is spoken around them will be able to become bilingual and this becomes apparent by saying hello or other simple words in another language. They can begin simple conversations however often missing out conjunctions and articles (the, and, a). They finally can use personal pronouns and plurals correctly meaning that further vocabulary has been drastically expanded. years Children of this age often take challenges to enjoy the sense of risk. [Hughes] (See appendix I) Risk enhances play and also encourages children to venture out from their normal behaviour. Risks taken often include climbing trees, making sharp turns on a tricycle and tiptoe; which are all achievable by the age of four years. When addressing fine mot or skills, the child can thread small beads on to a thick lace, can hold a pencil in correct fashion and can copy the letters, ‘x’, ’v’, ’h’, ’t’ and ‘o’. A four year old child is also capable of naming four primary colours with ease. The language development of a four year old is when many confusions are apparent. A four year old child will be confused with fact and fiction and from this will begin to ask more questions to develop a better understanding. They will be able to relay a story in which they have recently read or experienced with stating the key points however will miss out certain points of necessary information. 5 years A child of 5 years often includes rhythm in their movement whether it is dancing or running. They have good balance and many children when they reach the age of 5 can ride a bike unsupported. They also have good co-ordination enabling more ‘exciting’ and ‘interesting’ play due to the ability to change play environments; for example outdoors, or specific games such as football. The child can also have effective pencil control allowing the opportunity to explore different letters involving curves such as ‘u’, ‘c’, ‘a’ and ‘y’. They can also use a knife and fork meaning a greater sense of independence will be achieved. [Montessori] (See appendix II) A child of five years of age will love telling jokes and riddles and will often gain an interest in reading and writing. They will be able to recognise their name when written down and will attempt to write it with support. They can differentiate past, present and future and will be able to change words to the correct form for the context. 6 years Steward,J: http://www. stokespeaksout. org/grownups/Developing%20Pencil%20Grasp%20. Developing Pencil Grasp-2008 A child of 6 years is gaining strength and agility in their physical movements. Many children have better co-ordination and find that they participate more in activities such as hopping, skipping and throwing/catching balls accurately. In regards to fine motor skills children can build a straight tower of cubes, can hold a pen with a dynamic tripod grasp (see left) and can write letters of a similar size such as ‘a’ and ‘o’. A child of six years will begin to speak more fluently and this is where the turn-taking takes its force. Many children of this age will be able to pronounce many of the phonetic sounds of their language and will be able to recognise these in many spoken words. This basic knowledge of phonetics is what is the scaffolding for furthering their vocabulary and learning new words. 7 years At this age children can climb and play on apparatus with a precise skill using their outstretched arms for balance. They can control their speed when moving (running) and can swerve to avoid accidents. Their increased stamina at the age of seven allows a child to participate in more activities such as swimming or skating. Their fine motor skills are improving drastically with their written form in proportion and accurate. Letters are differentiated now and are in the correct shape. Threading is more efficient with a seven year old being able to sew using a large needle and thread. At seven a child will be able to express themselves not only in speech but in non-verbal communication also. The development of their fine motor skills and their ability of writing letters correctly often allows the child to use the written form to express themselves. Jean Piaget’s theory on language acquisition gives a clear idea on the linguistical development of the child. Piaget states that there are four stages in which a child develops their language. These are; Sensory-motor period, Pre-operational period, Egocentrism, and the Operational period. The sensory-motor period (Birth-2 years) states that children are born with basic schemas (sequence of cognitive actions) such as sucking. In this stage children’s language becomes egocentric meaning that they talk to themselves like monologues. The Pre-operational period happens between the ages of 2 and 7. Their schemas allow them to learn new words quickly and they begin to make telegraphic sentences such as â€Å"Ben has milk†. During this stage children will often talk about things in the future or will be able to discuss their feelings, this showing symbolic language. Egocentrism begins towards the final year of the pre-operational stage. Egocentrism is common among many children to develop their play further. Animism is also common at the same stage as egocentrism where a child considers everything to be alive, this can include inanimate objects. Finally the operational period begins at the age of 7 and continues right through to adulthood. This stage is divided into two separate sections Chomsky’s nature theory of language development in children shows that children are born with an ability to understand language structures. Chomsky believes that children initially possess, then develop without being affected by where they live. This is called ‘Universal Grammar’ and is inbuilt in all human language systems. This then moves on to the critical period which means that children reach a stage in which their language is high in alertness. At this point (4-5 years) children should be frequently exposed to language and if this does not happen the child’s language does not develop and the child doesn’t have a high amount of language. After the critical period has been reached it is near impossible for the child to develop their language. There are many different types of observation types you can do when observing children. Three types I have used in my observations are: Written/Narrative: This is the most common type of observation technique. It is used to record a naturally occurring event (free description) or a structured recording, where a certain task is set, appropriate to the ability of the child. It provides a description of an event unfolding in front of you, written in past tense so that it is easy for anyone to understand what is happening. Advantages: You are using a skill which you practice every day and that is familiar to other people * Little equipment is required (timer, paper and a pen) * Little preparation needed and no formal planning is essential * The observation can be carried out at almost anytime Disadvantages: * You may not be able to explain all the events which are happening very quickly * Sometimes can prove difficult to write down all information * Observers with little experience may f ind themselves recording something irrelevant to the observation * May be repetitious and boring May produce a lot of information Checklists: A form is used in this observation to help the observer look for particular skills that a child has. This method is often used as part of an assessment of a child’s stage of development. It is useful to find out what stage a child is at. Particularly useful in regards to physical development. Advantages: * A quick way of presenting a great deal of information * Results are obvious and understandable * Can be repeated to access development Can be used by parents for the nursery’s benefit. Disadvantages: * Does not explain how competent a child is at that task only explains that they can do it * Does not give a clear picture Mapping: This type of observation is a short hand way of showing information about an individual or sometimes a group of children. A mapping chart can sometimes be used to see how a child uses equipment in the setting by drawing a plan of the space being used for the observation and drawing lines to show where the child has been. Advantages: * Helpful in planning the use of equipment * Easy to show information * Can highlight likes and dislikes of certain equipment Disadvantages: * Limited use * It only shows their preferences are rarely shows developmental progress Maintaining confidentiality is essential. It is important that you ask permission to observe the child and ask if you are allowed to use the information. If a parent/carer does not wish for the child to be observed it is important that this is followed. When completing the observation it is important that the child is unaware they are being observed this is because it will single out the child from the others and this may be stressful for the child. It is important that once the observation has been completed the observation is kept in the child’s folder in a locked cupboard so no other persons can view it. If for reasons including other professionals needing to view the observation it is important that the child’s name is not present on the form and that the parent is contacted before the information is shared. When doing an observation it is professional if the child’s name is not present and in fact the use of ‘Child A’ for example, to be used instead. It is essential that no child’s personal information is shown on the form such as date of birth and in fact a rough age is more appropriate such as 2 years 2 months. This is so the child’s personal information is kept confidential between their key worker and the child/parent. The Data Protection Act 1998 ensures that all personal information is kept hidden and locked away in a storage area where only the specific people can access the information. The only information held should be relevant to the aim of the observation and no information should be collected for personal use of the setting. Information should only be shared once consent has been given and this is for individual persons only. So for example another professional who will be supporting a particular child (physiotherapist, speech and language therapist, etc). In regards to confidentiality of observations parents are entitled to see the observation and under no circumstances should this entitlement be declined. Personal views on a child should not be taken into consideration and no part knowledge of the child should be present in the observation, such as the child has improved since the last observation, as the observation should be objective. At my setting the policy about observations is when observations are carried out the practitioner is to As the child in my observations is 2 years of age, she is at the stage of physical development where she can stand on one foot, walk backwards or on tiptoes, jumping over an obstacle, cycle and climb. These skills are all shown in my observation mapping (observation 2) as the child goes through a cycle of; running, walking, running, cycling, skipping, climbing, sitting, climbing, running, jumping and finally running again. This shows that the child is very confident about being physical in an outdoor environment. In the observation it is clear that the child takes her time getting on to the cycle or changing their skills. For example; 1:09 the child has finished on the cycle however she takes until 1:13 to skip to the next apparatus. This may be because she may have mastered the skills needed, but she could be possibly uncertain of moving swiftly from one skill to the next. The child is showing the cycling skills of a four year old as it is a milestone of a four year old child to make sharp turns on a tricycle. The child in my observations completed two sharp turns, possibly not intentionally, and therefore this leaves the child capable of a four year olds physical skills. However, in my third observation the child cannot walk on tiptoe. This is a key milestone of a two year old and this shows that the child is not fully ble to complete all the milestones. Another milestone she couldn’t achieve was hopping on one foot. Both these skills require good balance which is something this child has still not achieved. Although the child is physically capable of normal day-to-day activities the child will fall behind physically if her balance does not develop. Observations are useful in regards to planning. For exa mple mapping observations show a clear picture on their preferences in the setting. It shows what activities when go to and how long the child is there for. Observations are only useful when used and evaluated on in time. This therefore allows the practitioner to plan a child’s activities to their preferences. Observations also highlight in which stage the child’s development is it and therefore shows the practitioner at what stages they should be planning for and providing the appropriate activities. Observations also highlight any learning difficulties that child may have which will highlight if any extra support is needed which therefore can be referred to the appropriate professional. It will also highlight any problems the settings have in providing for the child for example if the child plays with no toys then it is clear that their maybe no activities the child may be interested in and therefore daily observations should be done to see if there are any activities which the child enjoys and in time the practitioners will be able to plan effectively. Finally observations can show the way a child learns so therefore it can help practitioners plan on how many children and adults should be involved in an activity which will develop one individual child’s development. It is clear from the observations that the child is very physically capable however the planning around improving the child’s balance is vital. Without balance the child will struggle with not only complex physical movements but simple walking would prove difficult and would highly likely result in the child falling over. So it is important that the planning highlights the problem of balance and provides activities around that. An individual plan for this child would be to complete an obstacle course so many times a week, slowly using less support to improve the balance. Providing challenging equipment for this child would allow the child to feel, when ready, to use the apparatus this therefore developing balance. In my second observation it is clear that the child likes to use a high percentage of the playground. However it is clear to see that the child does not use the sandpit or the far right side of the playground. This could be taken into consideration when planning to ensure that sand is not used to encourage development of the child because the child does not take an interest in the sandpit. Also by completing the observations the setting can discuss with the parents the child’s preferences at the setting and find out how to implement popular objects into developing skills. Observing children can have implications on the practitioners work. It is important the practitioner is fully trained and understands how to plan, complete and evaluate observations. It is important that the right type of observation is used in the right context with a suitable amount of knowledge about confidentiality to observe. Whilst a practitioner is observing it is likely that they will be thinking about the reliability of their observation. It is easy to miss important information when observing when you have other children as possible distractions, or other issues such as fire alarms. This then questions the reliability of the observation, how much essential information is apparent in the observation? Am I observing the child correctly? Observations are forever changing with practitioners being forever told of new ways to observe, what can’t be included in observations and the initiatives and legislation behind observations. What is the appropriate observation technique for children. The problem I believe is that children need to be observed in different types of styles. For example, if I was working with a child who had only very basic skills I would use a checklist observation to ensure they can complete the basics however if a child is known to be more complex than a narrative type of observation is more effective as small skills can be highlighted to support their skills. On the other hand, do observations really support children’s learning? It, as all practitioners know, is important to observe children to highlight issues with children’s development but the issue becomes a serious problem when practitioners begin to use observations to plan a child’s day at setting. One observation, if aiming to gain a complete knowledge about a child, is simply not enough. A child will act differently throughout a day at setting due to emotions, different practitioners working, different activities and being tired, so is it really appropriate to take judgements from one observation every couple of days. In theory, effective observations should be taken 3-4 times daily, ensuring that the child has been observed in key points in the day. This therefore gives practitioners a clear idea about the child and their behaviour. But this is simply not feasible in many settings due to lack of time and staff training. Also, although practitioners should not put their own knowledge into observations it is common for practitioners to make judgements about children. One disadvantage of accessing children through observations is that you are only getting information about the child for that selected amount of time. As stated earlier a child’s behaviour will change continuously throughout a day at setting, what i believe would be more effective would be to record a child’s behaviour throughout the whole day and then after a certain amount of time, e. g. a week, another recording is taken. This information can then be compared giving more information about the child. At my setting, it is clear that they are using both current and older theories in their work with children. The two theories I highlighted earlier are specifically used in the foundation stage whilst considering the critical period of 4-5 year olds, it is clear that the practitioners focus on language in the early years units of primary schools. I believe that Chomsky’s theory of critical period is very important in practice and often by the time the children reach the year 1 stage they are very fluent in both written and spoken language. Bibliography Meggitt, C. and Sunderland, G. (2000) Child development: an illustrated guide. Heinemann Educational. Hobart,C (1999) A practical guide to Child Observation and Assessment. nd Edition. Nelson Thornes ltd Harding, J. and Meldon-Smith, L. (2000) How to make observations and assessments. 2nd edn. London: Hodder and Stoughton. Baldwin, M (2003) The Data Protection Act 1998- The summary http://www. dpa. lancs. ac. uk/summary. htm, Lancaster University http://www. little-learners-childcare. co. uk/PlayworkTheories. aspx: Playwork Theories, L ine 6:26 http://www. dailymontessori. com/montessori-theory/: Montessori Theory, Line 9:15 Piaget, J(2001) The language and thought of the child. Routledge LTD Bailey, D (2000) Critical thinking about Critical periods. Brookes Publishing Co

Psychological Disorders and Treatment

Tatiana Saunders PS124: Psychological Disorders and Treatment Prof: Marjorie Vandemark Kaplan University Everyone has a personality with character traits, but when these traits are rigid and self-defeating, they may interfere with functioning and even lead to psychiatric symptoms. A psychological disorder is describe as any disturbance of emotional equilibrium, as manifested in maladaptive behavior and impaired functioning, caused by genetic, physical, chemical, biological, psychological, or social and cultural factors.Schizophrenia is a disease that strikes people in their prime. It does not matter who you are, you can be diagnosis with schizophrenia. Many people all over the world are affected by bipolar disorders. There are two phases of bipolar manic and depressive. There are many new types of treatments used, such as drug therapy and psychological therapy. Schizophrenia is a serious brain illness that causes changes in how you think, feel, and behave. While treating Sophia Smith since she was 12 years old for schizophrenia.Sophia has presented symptoms such as misbehaving in school and at home due to mother and father divorce when she was reaching the age of 13 years, Sophia was the only child and didn’t really get along with the other children at her school. Sophia has been struggling in school because at times she feels and behaves in the wrong way and she is afraid that her classmates are going to look at her differently because she has a psychological disorder and is currently taking medications to help her behave properly in the classroom.Sophia received therapy every week for six months so that she can feel comfortable talking about what makes her lash out and have trouble behaving in the proper way as well as the way she thinks before she lashes out. While reaching out to Sophia I also reached out to her parents and even though they were separated I introduced the different treatments options that would benefit Sophia in therapy.Cognitive the rapy and behavioral therapy was applied to Sophia’s treatment approach in order to addresses her dysfunctional emotions, maladaptive behaviors and cognitive processes and contents through a number of goal-oriented, explicit systematic procedures. There were long time goals set up for Sophia while attending school to engage in activities to help her nteract with the different people in her school, Sophia has also set up long term goals at home to be more productive and be more open to having two homes one with her mother and one with her farther, She will also have therapy sessions with both her mother and farther in order to understand that the divorce was not her mistake, as well as knowing she always can talk to her parents no matter what she is going through they should be the first step in showing her problems.As a professional my obligation is to continue going through therapy with Sophia and making sure she stays on the right path in while dealing with her disorder and always let her know that she can become anyone she wants, she won’t be judged because of her mental disorder. Sophia has made tremendous progress and is not currently taking any medications just receiving therapy once a week and also getting positive feedback from her parents and classmates. More than two million Americans suffer from some form of bipolar disorder, a persistent, severe, sometimes lethal, and lifelong illness (Campbell, 2003).Vanessa Sawyer, like many victims of this illness, struggled for fifteen years before climbing out of the deep dark pit. Primary care physicians play a critical role in recognizing, diagnosing, and treating this disorder. Many symptoms of bipolar disorder go either unrecognized or victims and families are in a state of denial. The majority of patients with bipolar disorder will experience significant symptoms before the age of twenty-five years the disorder is complicated by co-occurring alcohol or substance abuse.While treating my client Bobby Lopez for about three months he has shown little signs of improvement, He started out with another therapist and was reassigned to me for a further study. Bobby stated that he started feeling down and didn’t really want to come out his house at times he would push his wife of three years away just because his mood was unstable, Bobby recently had a child who just turned 3 months he has had no interaction with playing or taking care of his child due to his mood.Before Bobby came to see a therapist he was drinking very heavily and would drink for sunrise to sundown to bypass the time and to make himself feel better. As we have been working on his drinking in order to help him to improve his mood disorder. The main goals of humanistic therapy in Bobby case is to find out how he will perceive himself here and now and how he can recognize growth, self-direction and responsibilities. This method is optimistic and attempts to help individuals recognize their strengths by offe ring a non-judgmental, understanding experience.Bobby since his treatment has become a better father to his wife and his child, he has also gained a job and his mood is gotten a lot better. I also still her Bobby once a week for therapy at times he brings his wife for family therapy. My professional obligation in the case of Bobby is to make sure he continue on the right path and receiving therapy as well as getting more involved with the world and a better relationship[ with his wife and also to build his self-esteem.In conclusion with as many problems as there are in today’s society, psychological disorders are very common. Since any behavior that is considered abnormal and disturbing can be described as a psychological disorder, there are various types of disorders. Along with these disorders are different techniques used by therapists to diagnose and treat the disorders. http://www. behavenet. com/personality-disorder http://www. counselling-directory. org. uk/humanistic. html

Of Mice and Men essay: The issue of racism Essay

Racism features strongly in the novel Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck. I think Steinbeck manages to sum up every thing that was wrong with racism and American culture of the time, whilst keeping his views to himself. Steinbeck decided not to write either for or against racism, he just gave you a few scenarios for you the reader to decide whether it was ethical, I think this was very effective as it provokes a response in the reader and also coincides with the plot and time that the story was written. There is a lot of racial prejudice shown in Of Mice And Men towards Crooks the black and crippled stable buck. Crooks is a more permanent worker than the other ranch hands and has his own room off the side of the stable on the far side of the ranch in isolation. Crooks is separated from the rest because the other ranch hands do not want him in the bunkhouse with them because he is black. As a result of this prejudice Crooks has become bitter, hating all white people because of this and has become very lonely and isolated. Mainly during section 4 Steinbeck involves Crooks more and involves more racial issues linked with him. The language Steinbeck uses is of a racist context and mainly tells the story of discrimination against black people in the form of Crooks telling Lennie about how he is excluded from the others because he is black. â€Å"S’pose you couldn’t go into the bunkhouse and play rummy ’cause you was black.† (Pg. 105) And†¦ Further more on page 41 Steinbeck writes to suggest that Crooks is sometimes used for entertainment, at Christmas Crooks was forced to fight with some one called â€Å"Smitty† â€Å"little skinner name of Smitty took after the nigger. Done pretty good, too. The guys wouldn’t let him use his feet, so the nigger got him† this quote clearly shows the way Crooks (described as a nigger) being attacked, probably in relation to the colour of his skin. Crooks is often called names as well, for instance when Curley’s wife used her social status as a white person to over power him. â€Å"She turned to him in scorn. ‘listen nigger† and â€Å"well you keep your place then, Nigger. I could get you strung up on a tree so easy it ain’t even funny.† This shows Curley’s wife telling Curley how if he didn’t shut up she would have him hung, probably lynched, this sort of behaviour wasn’t uncommon and Crooks receives a lot of verbal abuse if he doesn’t conform to white peoples rules. The conditions in which Crooks lives are sub-standard when compared to the others. â€Å"Crooks bed was a long box filled with straw.† (pg. 98) Crooks is described as sleeping in quarters and being treated no better than an animal. This is again, is clearly racism. Crooks also feels left out due to not being listened to. â€Å"If I say something, why its just a nigger saying it† (pg. 103) Crooks is saying that no one listens to him and his opinions are un-voiced and worthless. I think that Steinbeck was very aware of what the impact of the language would create and I think that was the reason he used it, to quite simply clear up any naivety and get the message across about racism. Steinbeck was neither for or against racism, but used it as it was a part of life and more exeptable at the time the novel was written. However in the culture we live today I doubt such a novel would be so accurate describing racism as such a common place and I also think that it wouldn’t be so acceptable as in general people today are more open minded and racism isn’t as common as it was in America during the 1930s. A few words such as nigger, for definite would not be used as it may offend readers and is no longer acceptable and many more changes along those lines would have to be made. Overall racism was a part of life when the story was set and I think that Steinbeck has done a good job of describing in detail the sort of problems that arose whilst sticking to the plot of the story.

Culture of India Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Culture of India - Essay Example Religion plays a major role in the way of life of a people. In addition to the fact that it is the second most populous country in the world brings with it a number of challenges when it comes to intercultural communication (Samovar, Porter and McDaniel 13). Cultures have individual perceptions of society, and norms and values affect the manner in which people of varying cultures communicate and understand the world. Inability to understand the difference in culture may cause misunderstanding or hinder communication between people of varying culture. The culture of India is one of the most unique since there is cultural diversity throughout the country. The North, south, and Northeast have unique cultures and their combination has led to development of the Indian culture. It is vital to note that tourism is the most apparent method of intercultural meetings since people of diverse cultures travel to far away lands such as India to learn different cultures. There is normally a difficulty in intercultural communication not only because of the difference in language but also because of the varying attitudes of people of varying culture (Chen and Starosta 9). Through speech humans are able to communicate with each other and to do so they use language. Humans use systems of symbolic communication to pass across messages and the variety in language makes human communication very complex. Language is the most important tool for the transmission of various cultures. It is also the greatest barrier of communication between individuals of different cultures. In India, different states have various official languages identified by the central government. For example east India speaks Hindi, Urdu, and Bengali. India has a wide variety of language but the Central government decided that Hindi was the official language. English is considered globally as the language most understood. However, different cultures speak the language

Editorial article on school uniform Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Editorial on school uniform - Article Example â€Å" I like to see girls running around in skirts since currently if you happen to see one in skirts, then they are slutty skirts,† one of the parents remarked (Ryan 2). Moreover, the parents says that they will not accept these changes just like that, but on the other hand they claimed that their precious daughter should continue dressing up in matching jumpers. â€Å"It is a tradition,† some asserted which has developed to a code (Ryan 2). At the same time other parents retorted that they feel immense amount of guilty since the community members will now think that their children are just a quantity of run of the mill magnet kids after they see them after school. Similarly, most of the student fraternity was also unhappy with the decision. A grade 7 girl claimed that the action by some older girls should not have warranted the administration to punish the whole school. According to the students, the uniform did their best to bring equality in the students’ bo dy where all of them looked the same, but however, the administration decision will now ruin that. Moreover, some laid out their feelings regarding the fact that they will not continue wearing their beautiful uniform. Evidently, school uniform is clearly inherent in brings out commonness of the student body. Despite this, some people are strongly against the students wearing school uniforms. Moreover, Brunsma purports that school uniform is actually a good way of improving students discipline in addition to motivating them (3). In addition, he claims that students should wear school uniform for the reason that the school uniform minimizes gang colors as well as inhibits students from wearing clothes that will promote sex and drugs. Consequently school uniform is known for promoting good learning environment. In 1995, Long Beach school reported a dramatic decrease in violence along with discipline cases among the students. This was after one year of adopting mandatory school uniforms . At the same time the school also noticed that the students were actually scoring higher in their tests. The school commented that this was a very great accomplishment. They also found out that the uniforms had taken tall on the student fraternity. Consequently, President Clinton visited the school in 1995 where he urged other schools to also consider adopting the mandatory school uniforms. Clinton said, â€Å" if school uniform will make our children to stop killing each other over designer jackets, it is then crucial for schools to require their students wear school uniforms† (Wilkins 5). Actually, the reports concerning the change in crime in the school district showed that assault had gone down by 67 percent, while vandalism dropped by 82 percent and robbery cases reduced by 35 percent. This supports the fact that school uniforms are inherent for students (Norgard 7). School uniforms also are believed to enhance improved academic achievement. This is depicted by the stud y by Mancini which shows that tests scores of schools which have mandatory uniforms has gone up (27). The similar scenario was also evident in the school district in Long Beach, which has continued to produce test scores which indicate better performance. Moreover, school uniforms promote the educative behavior through reducing distraction and making the classroom to appear as a very serious environment. Clearly, Cohn says that school uniform increases students self esteem, especially the unfortunate ones, as well as it makes

Cost Allocation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cost Allocation - Essay Example The City has implemented several programs aimed to support public safety. To start with, in response to the current size of population and the habitants’ calls for police, the Police Department will have 21 new patrol officers every year and more staff on critical times. In order to fulfill the needs of more numerous staff as well as to improve its efficiency, the Police Station will be provided with additional facilities. When it comes to human services, the main cost driver is an increased demand for such services as food assistance and emergency shelter in difficult economic times (City of Seattle 6). The City devotes a significant amount of money to the Housing First initiative, shelter and day-services programs, and food programs. Finally, given the high level of juvenile delinquency and a great number of deaths due to the availability of guns, the City will support the Seattle Youth Violence Prevention Initiative, aimed to deal with the most vulnerable youth. These costs drivers were selected as they reflect the needs and priorities of the Seattle community. Public safety, human services, and youth violence prevention should be fully supported by the City as all of these services contribute significantly to the wellbeing of habitants. Identification of individual costs and cost drivers enables the Government to allocate adequate resources to each entity. A more uniform method of allocating costs may result in a disproportionate allocation of costs among the organizations, which would not reflect the actual needs of the society. The allocation of costs in the governmental setting, which involves complex analysis of the current economy and, thus, allows response to the priorities of the society rather than economic benefits for the companies and organizations involved. The US Department of Human Services has a special Division of Cost Allocation (DCA), the objective of which is to ensure that indirect costs paid by the

Healing Hospitals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Healing Hospitals - Essay Example Hence this suggests that those medical institutions which follow the concept of the healing hospital will be tagged on the principle of Golden Thread that is a symbol of faith, conviction and reliance upon the Almighty (Chapman & Chapman, 2004).   It is a common phenomenon for every medical center which aims to promote the model of a healing hospital all over the globe must provide and calm, peaceful and a quite internal environment to the patients. This would let them feel tranquility and harmony and assist in their fast recovery. Harmonious environment plays a great role for the sufferer as most part of their recovery takes place when their body is in sleep or hibernating peacefully. Thus it suggests the fact that not only proper medicines, staff, latest technologies and equipments make a good hospital but it’s the factor of concern, peace and tranquility that make up the hospital a healing one. Components of a Healing Hospital There are three basic key components of a hea ling hospital which are as follows: The assimilation of work layout and advancement It is one of the most important components of the healing hospital and plays a vital role in the scenario. ... By the adoption of such an obliging policy patients would feel loved, cared and concerned by the doctors and other hospital staff members which would lend a side hand to them for their fast recovery. A remedial substantial environment This component considers the fact that not only the doctors are responsible for the care and treatment of the patients but also it is essential for the other staff members of the hospital to connect with their families and relatives as caregivers. It has been proven widely that if the hospitals manage to establish an environment with compassion, love, care, concern, adore, empathy etc then the patients would depict a faster recovery from their pain, stress and illness. Hence it would also lead the family members of the patients to support the patient in a healthy and lovable environment where they are assured that their loved ones would be treated as home (Gaut et al, 1994). A background of fundamental affectionate heeds It is basically establishment of a radical loving care environment and this philosophy was initially proposed by Erie Chapman long time ago. This accounts for the fact that such a culture must be enforced in the healing hospital in which each staff member must be known as in why they have become part of this sacred industry and what their ultimate objectives in serving the humanity are. It endorses the recovery of patients by means of a holistic loom that not only caters to the patients need but also takes care of their divine and poignant needs as well. The challenges of creating a healing environment in light of the barriers and complexities of the hospital environment Although the establishment of a healing hospital seems an easy task however it is not a piece of cake. It requires a long tenure and excessive

Business Basics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business Basics - Essay Example Secondly, Martha knows that she will be the sole owner of the business when she starts-up as a sole proprietor. She is going to posses all authority and makes decision on behalf of the Apex Company. She will as well have the mandate to sell or transfer the company to another individual business and make important business decisions at her discretion. Probably, the accountants concerns about running a sole proprietorship business are the risks that are involved mainly to the owner of the business. Legally, these risks are not treated separately from the business. They seem to be aware of some of the disadvantages of sole proprietorship business. They know that a sole proprietorship business has a liability disadvantage or risk. When Martha starts-up Apex as a sole proprietor business, she will be held directly responsible for any debts, losses, or violations that come from the business. For example, if the company incurs debts that must be paid back, Martha as the sole owner will repay the debts from her own personal funds. Again, she can be sued for any unlawful acts done by the employees, which is unlike other business structures. Additionally, if she becomes deceased or incapacitated the business will not continue since the owner and the business are treated as one (Madura, 2007). A partnership business is formed by two or more people who wish to come together to start a business. For a new business structure, partnership is a good choice of legal structure (Madura, 2007). This type of business has several advantages and disadvantages as discussed below. Capital- because of the business nature, the partners are the ones to fund the business with the start-up capital. The more partners they are, the more money they contribute for the business, which allows potential growth and flexibility. This also means more profit, which will

Based on the writer Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Based on the writer - Assignment Example Rodger’s case is one event that has shocked the whole world because he was a son of a famous director. He could be going to celebrity parties and hanging out with girls but he was uploading hate speeches on YouTube expressing his rage and anger against girls who had allegedly dumped him (Hamad, 2014). This young man of 22 could not communicate with any other person, let alone the opposite sex. Failure to communicate probably resulted in a violent expression of rage and hate. His parents had already arranged a personal therapist for Roger. Feeling jealousy, rejection and/or depression is almost a normal thing in every teenager’s life. ‘Geeks’ or ‘nerds’ are usually prone to these feelings because they are the ones usually picked on by bullies. But taking out this frustration by killing people is nothing but mental sickness. ‘Jeopardy’ champion, Arthur Chu appeared on Good Morning America and told the world that Roger’s emotional state was ‘normal’ for any nerd except for the murderous actions (Murray, 2014), yet he was severely mentally ill. There is hardly any doubt about Rodger’s motives for his murderous actions; he sent 107,000 word story to his parents, therapist and some others right before he carried out the shooting (Duke, 2014). The debate about his father (famous director) giving him a nice lifestyle is unclear because in his ‘story’ he writes of his financial suffering. He wished he were wealthier. Sometimes wishes can be too far-fetched and other times they are just needs. A prisoner wanting freedom is not really a want, it’s a need. The want for wealth, money, opposite sex and popularity is never ending. Theres no comparison between a prisoner wanting freedom and a person wanting more money. Repressed anger can explode or passively ooze out of the person. It is not only the case with the teenagers or young adults. The story Sweat (1926) by Zora Neale

Professional career development Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Professional career development - Assignment Example According to Best and De Valence (25), there are certain determinants that characterize the form of the building that a client gets. Economic and legal requirements are by far the most compelling factors, but the other factors including technology, materials, functional and climatic factors affect the project. Client’s specifications on the building are based on the circumstances surrounding these factors. Risk distribution between the constructor and the client can be assessed for various projects to determine the impact that client type has on design and construction elements of a project. In the following three client types, study has been conducted to highlight the intricacies involved in the determination of risk distribution and the impact passed on to the entire project procedures. Three sectors of the industry have been chosen discussed in the section. Domestic construction market is characterized by private ownership and individual preferences. The domestic building and construction market can further be divided to include various client types, for instance a family which needs a small house, medium and big home builders. First time builders and luxury house builders across the size demands of buildings are also observed in the market. The direct involvement of the client in the project is increased by the direct ownership factor which also increases accountability on the part of the client. Due to the fact that the domestic housing competition is heightened by the slender barriers of entry of new competitors enables the clients to enjoy the benefits of a competitive market. Some of the benefits enjoyed include lowered costs and a variety of service providers to choose from, which enhances preference. Such a diverse market features a variety of risk distribution, project duration, location preferences as well as and costing flexibility. The domestic market

Compare and Contrast Essay Example for Free

Compare and Contrast Essay In the sixteenth century, a group of English protestant who practised a more strictly disciplined Christian lifestyle were named Puritans; they immigrated to Salem also called New England in the purpose to establish a society of their own after suffering from religious persecution in England. Arthur Millers play The Crucible and Celia Reess novel Witch Child are both similar as their story evolve around this same Puritan society of the seventeenth century in Salem, Massachusetts. The restrained and rigid Puritan lifestyle is explored in detail in both texts in which people were expected to work hard and repress their emotions and opinions. The Crucible relates very closely to Witch Child in its portrayal of a main theme within Puritanism: the witchcraft hysteria that marked the early History of America. The first similarity between Witch Child and Crucible is the portrayal of a strict Puritan religion. They were so strict that they accepted every word of the Bible as totally accurate and would not question its interpretation further, an example would be the famous Thou shalt not permit a sorceress to live (2. Moses 22, 17) upon which most of the European witch trials had already been conducted. People were repressed, as entertainment and pleasure were heinous sins in which cosmetics, games, theatres and dancing were all banned. As a result in The Crucible the witchcraft madness begins after Abigail and the girls have been caught dancing in the woods. The same scenario is echoed in Witch Child they practice not just in the forestDeborah and Hannah Vane, Sarah Garner and Elizabeth Denning and others unknown were found in a barn, dancing naked. We notice in both stories a parallel in which woods and forests are associated with witchcraft. This is demonstrated in Witch Child p121: The forest is also the realm of Satan and against him and his forces guns offer no protection This insinuates the wilderness is linked to the darkness thus forest was evil. Colourful clothing was also not allowed, this idea is repeated several times in Witch Child as people were all dressed in the dark sober clothes which mark them as Puritans This suggests puritans valued plainness in religious worship and had a lack of interest in material and artificial things as those were to distract men away from the right path. Another main concept of Puritanism is the theocracy in which their society is governed. The church represents the centre of the community and it is illustrated in both The Crucible and Witch Child. Non-attendance at church was a sin in which the person would be punished and excommunicated, losing all of his property and rights. In The Crucible, Proctor does not attend church as Reverend Hale note[s] that [he is] rarely in the church on Sabbath Day he also questions Proctors way of raising his children as only two are baptized?, and furthermore Proctor is found unable to quote the last commandment which Elizabeth reminds him that it is Adultery, John. All these statement are then held against him as incriminating evidence, whereby he is found suspicious in the Witch trial. Proctor is compared to Marys Grandmother in Witch child who always attended churcheven though she did not believe a word of what was saidshe went every Sundayshe never missed a service Unlike Proctor, Marys grandmother followed the Puritan lifestyle strictly with obedience even if it differed from her beliefs. It is ironic that Marys grandmother is said to be a witch in Witch Child but was still obedient to the puritan society, whereas Proctor is only seeking defence in Abigails false accusations but it is a whores vengeance, and you must see it!; yet both characters ended up accused and executed whether being innocent or not in the witch craft trial. Deep in the psyche of the inhabitants of Puritan society was a stigma surrounding the potential of women to become cohort of the Devil. Sexual prejudice linked witchcraft to females, and specific social circumstances made certain kinds of women particularly liable to witchcraft prosecution. Throughout Witch Child Mary is subjected to rumours in the community for her desire to wander in the forest this is apparent on p149 Such wandering could draw attention. If you were seen with him rumours are also added to her literacy skills and her knowledge on plants and their medicinal or heathen remedy uses. This was unusual to the community as puritans believed women were inferior, weak, and disregarded for their intellectual value mainly because female sexuality was associated with evil, stemming from the biblical depiction of Eve tempting Adam in the Garden of Eden. The sensual power of women was feared since they had the ability to corrupt upstanding Puritan men and leads them into paths of wickedness. Deborah Vane and Abigail William closely relate to each other being the main leaders of the Witchcraft insanity in both Witch Child and The Crucible books. Their motives for such spiteful behaviour were not justified although they had several advantages in being afflicted. The girls, who normally had a very low position in the social order, were able to act in a way that usually would have been unacceptable. Their strange and sometimes even disrespectful behaviour was blamed on the witches who were torturing them and forcing them to do so I danced for the Devil; I saw him, I wrote in his book; I go back to Jesus; I kiss His hand. I saw Sarah Good with the Devil! I saw Goody Osburn with the Devil! I saw Bridget Bishop with the Devil! Seeing Abigails success, the other girls follow suit and with this pattern of hysterical, self-serving accusations, the witch trials get underway as the girls were excused and even pitied. I personally believe it was a way to gain attention, just like Proctor claims in Act 2 p72 Ill tell you whats walking Salem vengeance is walking Salem. We are what we always were in Salem, but now the little crazy children are jangling the keys of the kingdom, and common vengeance writes the law! In fact this whole scenario makes the girls the most powerful persons in Salem at that time, whereas in their normal lives they would not be able to have any perspective of improving their social status in the future. Since the exhibition of their affliction represented the main evidence during the trials, they were able to decide who was going to be accused and whether these persons were going to be executed or not. Whenever a person doubted the veracity of their afflictions or tried to argue with them, they would fall into fits accusing him or her of also being a witch.

The Renaissance and Humanism Essay Example for Free

The Renaissance and Humanism Essay The middle ages were a time of ignorance and lack of progress. The church had taken over the majority of power in the western world, and feudalism kept everyone in their place so that a time continued where the people of Europe made practically no progress. Humanism is the belief that a person has the power and duty to be the best person they can be. The middle ages could have stretched on loner, but due to the black plague exterminating a third of the population, social and economic needs changed. People that did not have much power could be lifted to a higher rank simply because so many upper class people had died. It almost seems like the men and women that survived the plague were proving to god and themselves that they deserve to be alive because they had something to contribute to the new dynamic climate of the renaissance. Humanism was the most important philosophy to the renaissance because it encouraged the kind of glorification of self that was needed to get out of the dark ages. A renaissance man was a humanist, but a humanist did not have to be a renaissance man. A renaissance man is a classic and very specific person. He must be trained in diverse skills and be good at all of them. Many higher-ranking men at this time accomplished being a renaissance man. Leonardo de Vinci was an Italian renaissance painter, sculptor, architect, musician, scientists, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, geologist, botanist and writer. His genius, perhaps more than any other figure, epitomized the renaissance humanist ideal. Leonardo de Vinci practiced humanism all his life and made many radical changes away from traditional western ways. His dissection of human bodies was the first time someone tried to understand the workings of man without any religion. Humanists like Leonardo do Vince caused conflict with religion because humanism spread through Italy and began effecting priests and other religious people. The humanist priests wanted to go back to the original holy texts, just to make sure what is being taught was really was needed to be taught. The focus on religion from the dark ages continued to the renaissance, after all. The great artists and writers were just using their  talents to celebrate god. Michelangelo was the most influential artist of the renaissance. His countless influences on western art mostly drew from his understanding of the figure. Pre renaissance art was very stiff and declarative in its nature. Michelangelo focused on the perfection of the human figure, a very humanist statement in his artwork. Humanism affected all aspects of the renaissance from art to politics. Humanists believed that there was a standard of excellence that had to be achieved by mastering many different skills. The ultimate humanist by that definition was Baldassare Castiglione. He was an Italian courtier, diplomat, soldier and a prominent author. His most influential writing was the Book of the Courtier; it remains the definitive account of renaissance court life. Because of this it is considered one of the renaissance’s most important works. He described a humanist and a renaissance man that knew exactly how to behave. The influence of this book caused an even bigger expansion of the renaissance. A sudden burst of intellectual and humanist light cut through the superstitious fog of the dark ages, and it was called the renaissance. Humanism started and drove this movement from within. A realization of the power of man, the intellectual expanse of religious philosophy, and the holiness of human beings each headed new ideas in western civilization.

Difficulties Of Rene Descartes Cogito

Difficulties Of Rene Descartes Cogito The most important contribution of Renà © Descartes in the history of Philosophy is his cogito. In the same way, however, the cogito has also been the most critical problem of his philosophy. This essay will focus more on the difficulties of the cogito. But first, on the side of the cogito: one importance of the cogito is that it is the byproduct of the Method, which is another contribution of Descartes not only in modern philosophy, but also in the field of science. The origination of the cogito from the Methodic Doubt is quite anticipated: all prior knowledge and truths must be erased, unless they are indubitable. In other words, all knowledge and opinions are subjected to examination, whether they can survive the test of doubt. Descartes, having found the fact (or act) of his doubting indubitable, hence maintains the fact that his existence enables his doubting (or thinking) as a clear and distinct idea, and thus the conclusion: Cogito, ergo sum: I think, therefore I am. We understand therefore that the cogito is a product of deduction or inference. However, as I have said, the cogito is quite anticipated. This is because the rules of his Method lay down an algorithm that has a quite predictable result, as if laying down a theore tical step-by-step means to prove something that is already true. The cogito is also considered a product of intuition and not of deduction. However, as far as methods of analysis are concerned, Descartess Method and cogito are valid. Moreover, insofar as the solipsistic argument, the cogito is a rather fair argument. By this, I mean that the cogito is a solipsistic truth, or a belief in the self as only reality or basis of reality. When Descartes has proposed that all knowledge and opinions must be cleared off the mind (or must be brought into doubt), there is still in Descartes the belief that the only thing he can be sure of is that he exists. He cannot deny the fact that he exists, even if the very idea of his being is most accessible via experience (hence, this he must doubt also). Thus if Descartes denies his being in the first place, his cogito will never materialize as a basis for truth. But since Descartes adopts a solipsistic view, he is safe from committing contradiction. To put simply: insofar as the I is concerned (the I, which thinks and doubts), the I exists. Nevertheless, Descartes paradox, which is the cogito itself, is not an absolute oxymoron. By the cogito being a paradox, I mean the self-contradictory problem of the cogito; that is, the problem of which came first: the cogito or the sum. Using the Method of Doubt, the cogito seems to go before the sum, since it is the act of doubting/thinking that came before the conclusion for the act of existence. But in the context of Descartes, it is implied that thinking is actually in the context of being. Now the strength of the cogito argument is that it is a closed argument, relying only on the idea that existence constitutes thinking and thinking reflects existence. It is in these strengths of the cogito, however, that it is also problematic. First is on the solipsistic view. The very problem of the cogito here is the question of reality outside the I. Since Descartes uses himself and only himself in his basis for truth, anything outside himself can be doubtful or false, and thus cannot be a basis for truth. Only the thinking I, thus the human person, can prove and claim ones existence. Thus, the other for the thinking I is doubtful, insofar as the I is concerned. The problem is that Descartes is as if denying the existence of animals, plants and other things, since these things do not and cannot think. Moreover, after proving that he is a thinking thing, the next question that arises is: now how do we establish an edifice of knowledge? Descartes takes emphasis on putting a foundation for knowledge by first using the Method, but forgets how to formulate the next set of algorithm once the Method has been applied. The problem of the solipsistic ar gument of the cogito is that nothing more exists outside the selfs being a thinking thing. It only proves the existence of oneself insofar as the thinking I is concerned, and does not prove the idea and the existence of other things other than the self. Besides, other Is can think of me a mere fiction. In the problem of the solipsistic argument of the cogito, however, the idea of a Perfect Being other than the thinking self exists. Descartes said that since he is cogito (thinking/doubting thing), he is therefore an imperfect being. But since he is imperfect, he has an idea of a perfect thing, which can come only from a Perfect Being, which is God. Nevertheless, nothing more exists outside the thinking self aside from the self itself and God. Now the second weakness of the cogito is in its contradictory problem. Although the cogito (cogito-sum relationship) is a closed argument (like Spinozas freedom-necessity concept); one cannot ignore to question the validity of its argument. In this argument, whether the cogito conditions the sum or the sum conditions the cogito, the idea of existence is still in danger, because it is subject to doubt. The sum (I am) only works for the thinking I, but existence alone cannot prove thinking. Thus what seemed to be a safe closed argument is not free of loopholes at all, because existence in general is not enough to prove thought. Nevertheless, the cogito is concerned for the existence of ones being a res cogitans or thinking thing only. Moreover, that material objects exist because of God is another argument that branched out from the cogito. After concluding that the Supreme Being cannot deceive, Descartes proceeds to concluding that material objects thus also exist. However, this only results to another circular argument: cogito presupposes God, which tells the res cogitans that its ideas come from external objects; but then it is from these external objects that the cogito must doubt first before it realizes that it is a res cogitans, then assume the existence of a Perfect Being. Generally, we find Descartess Method of Doubt and cogito weak. The main premise that we cannot distinguish reality from dream is not even strong enough to be a basis for truth. Although Descartes skepticism is optimistic at finding a certain knowledge that we can know of, still it is rather destructive of the foundation of knowledge that is the objective of his skepticism in the first place. The problem is that Descartes proposes arguments for why everything can be subjected to doubt, such as the dream argument, the deceiving God argument, and the evil demon argument. It is difficult to follow Descartess advice because it is more difficult to prove a negation than proving otherwise (in the case of Descartes proving the negation of knowledge to prove the opposite), since if we convince ourselves with these arguments of Descartes, then we must act and think as if we are experiencing illusions and hallucinations all the time. This is of course difficult for us. In fact one example where we can prove Descartes could probably be right all along that an evil demon is deceiving us (e.g., dwhen something defies the laws of physics) is when we experience a Criss Angel trick. Perhaps we can say that the main problem of Descartess philosophy is both its extreme rationalist and non-rationalist approach. Descratess philosophy is rationalist because it proclaims reason as the only valid criterion for certain knowledge and thus truth. It is non-rationalist, however, in the sense that it somehow forgets other valid functions of the human mind or reason: that is reason as the faculty of mans sentient soul, can, aside from thinking and doubting, imagine, sense and feel.

Protestant challenge to Catholicisms Hegemony in Northern Europe :: essays research papers

Protestant challenge to Catholicism’s hegemony in Northern Europe   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Protestants and Catholics have been fighting for centuries. Most of us, even some of them, have no clue as to what they are fighting about. In the 1520s a religious stirring began, where people were starting to get frustrated and angered by how the church was conducting itself. Northern European weather can be very cold and harsh at times, because of this, it made it very difficult for people to leave their homes to get to church. What these people saw were their church priests dressed in very ornate, warm, robes and living in nice warm homes eating very good meals. Half the time these people couldn’t understand what the priest was preaching because he spoke in Latin and they could only speak German or English. On top of all of this the people had to pay if they wanted to be forgiven for their sins, indulgences they were called, which basically provided absolutely no hope for people who didn’t have much. These were not the only things stirring feelin gs in northern Europe, the fact that the church was based in Rome, such a long way from their home, contributed to the restlessness of the people. People were starting to think that the church had no clue about their lives up in the north and how difficult it could be, they felt removed and unconnected with the church. The two major focal points for the reformation were Martin Luther and his ninety-five theses and also King Henry the eighth. Neither of these two men began the movements in their respective countries, they simply gave the people a focal point and a way to get organized.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Martin Luther was a monk who taught at a Wittenberg University in the 1500s. Martin Luther had questioned the practice of selling indulgences and the fact that the church said that you could only speak to God through a priest for sometime in his mind. In 1517, when an archbishop had a sale on these indulgencies to raise money, Martin Luther decided to write a question and argument paper about the church’s questionable practices, to get some debate going at the University. The paper was called the ninety-five theses and it sparked many people’s interests in Germany and other parts of northern Europe and made Martin Luther a focal point for people who felt the same, and an enemy of the church.

Media Violence and Aggression in Children Essay -- Argumentative Persu

Media Violence Causes Aggression in Children and Teenagers "The media, particularly the news media, defends itself from the charge of encouraging violence by stating they are simply reflecting what exists. Real people are murdered every day. Those who create fictionalized views of violence(movies or TV dramas) rely on the argument that what they are producing should not be taken literally. Only the mentally inadequate would assume the violence was real or try to copy the behavior"(Greek). Violence has been present since the beginning of the medium and in our history: political violence, ethnic violence, class violence. "You go back to the KKK, you have people committing incredible acts of violence on a grand scale. What is different is the reach of the media. You can now put anything on the screen; there's no longer a sense of things being off limits," Eric Foner, Columbia University's DeWitt Clinton Professor of History said(qtd. in Cole). This is very true, broadcasting of the Vietnam War was America's first glimpse at the brutal truth of war. It raised the acceptable threshold of violence on television; the infamous images prepared audiences for the fictional gore later depicted in such television shows as "NYPD Blue" and "ER"(Cole). What about society's responsibility? Violence in America has also been linked to economic changes. Economic hardships in the 1930s and the late 1970s resulted in the highest homicide level in this century. This relation persists today. Bob Dole and others believe it is simply the breakdown of family values, but it corresponds with deindustrialization. Rates of criminal violence have dropped significantly over the past 10 years, except among the young, the part of the population most ... ...terns we establish in our youth are the base for lifelong patterns evident in adulthood. And we must make the right decisions or at least make sure we make the right decisions for our children. Works Cited American Psychological Association. Violence on Television: What do Children Learn? What can Parents Do? Washington: Brochure, 1997. Carlson, Margaret. "The Real Money Train." Time. 11 Dec. 1995: 20-21. Cole, Lewis. "Violence and the Meida: The wrong controversy?" 21stC. http://www.columbia.edu/cu/21stC/issue-1.2/Media.htm. (15 Nov. 1997). Greek, Cecil. "Media and Reality." Crime and Media. http://www.fsu.edu/%7Ecrimdo/lecture1.html. (15 Nov. 1997). Murray, John P. "Impact of Televised Violence." Kansas Journal of Law & Policy. 4.3 (1995): 7-14 Vivian, John. The Media of Mass Communication. 4th ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. 1997.

Existentialist Themes Of Anxiety And Absurdity Essay -- Philosophy Phi

Existentialist Themes of Anxiety and Absurdity In a world with such a vast amount of people there exists virtually every different belief, thought, and ideology. This means that for every argument and every disagreement that their exists two sides of relative equal strength. It is through these disagreements that arguments are formed. Arguments are the building blocks in which philosophers use to analyze situations and determine theories of life. For the purpose of this paper I will try and argue my personal beliefs on a specific argument. This argument is presented in a form of a question and upon examination of the contents of this question, several different and unique questions arise. In order to support my theory as to the answer to this question I will attempt to answer the three subquestions which deal less with the content of the question itself and more with the reaction to reading the question. Also key to the support of my theory is the concept of existentialism. I will go into the foundations of this ethical theory throughout the remainder of this paper. Subquestion one, â€Å"E --> C†, simple asks whether it is true or false that if you have an ethical theory then does it have to be consistent. Subquestion two, â€Å"(?) --> H†, poses the idea of what makes up the essence of being a human being. Subquestion three, â€Å"E --> (H --> M)†, asks whether it is true or false that it is ethical to assume that humans should be given moral priority over animals. I order to support my interpretation and answer the topic question, I will try to explain my personal ethical theory. We were given several different theories in which to emulate or pick pieces of in order to define such words which have different meanings to different people. For such vague words such as `right' and `wrong', the context in which they are presented are vital pieces in order to define them. It is my belief, and a necessary requirement of this paper to somehow define these two words. It is obvious that these two words must be opposites of each other. Therefore, the understanding of one will easily lead to the understanding of its opposite. However, the words themselves will never be anything more than five letters grouped together. This is because your ethical theory and someone else's ethical theory could possible conflict causing for a discrepan... ...kill as a means of survival. At this point in time it is only necessary to kill certain animals as a form of food source and for other luxury items. There have been times when it was necessary for humans to kill an animal for food. I wonder if a person who did not eat meat would starve to death if the only thing to eat was meat? And as long as we do not over kill a certain species then they will continue to reproduce and the food chain will continue to work. Being descendants of other living things, humans must insure that nature is let to work on it own, continuing to do what it has done for many years.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In response to subquestion one, I do not feel that it is possible to remain consistent in any ethical theory in which you live by. This is mainly because every ethical theory that I now of is entirely too focused and usually not completely relevant to every circumstance. The more broad your definition or theory is then the closer you come to the only one that will always work. The less you say what you can and cant do, the closer you come to saying nothing. Once you have generalized your theory so much that you eliminated everything then you are stuck with

History Boys (random quotes and notes) Essay

Quotes Headmaster: Why are you dressed as a milk man? – Shows lack of understanding for the boys who are in a working class Headmaster: There Clever but they lack Crass. Ms. Lintot They know there stuff. But they Lack Flare. Hector: All Knowledge is useful even if it doesnt serve the slightest need Hector: Its the hot Ticket – Happyness Headmaster: I thought of going. But this was in the 50s. Change was in the air. I was a Geographer. I went to†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Headmaster: Odity- Rudge. Posner: I’ll Go sir – Hector: Nevermind. Irwin: Has any one been to Rome, Venince.  So why bother Irwin: I dont know, I wold go to newcastle, save the money and be happy. Irwin: Whats truth got to do with it. Ms. Lintot: Cunt Strunct, Compound adjective. Hector: At least im doing better than felix. Posner: Although he laughs the laughs on me. Rudge: What fun must you all have Dakin: Lititure is about loosers. Gobits:  Pass the parcel thats all sometimes you can do. Take it feel. Not for me not for you. Headmaster:This Is no time for poetry Headmaster: Are you going to tell your wife. Posner is the only one who attends his lesson after four.  Posner is the only one who goes up to mr hector when he is crying. Dakin: Is that the subjunctive or the It will pass Who says I want it to pass Why dont you all just tell the truth. Ms. Lintot â€Å"History is a commetary on the various and continuing incapabilities of men† Rudge: Its just one fucking thing after another. If they like me and they take me then theyll take me because im dull and ordinary like everybody else. Irwin: Dont you ever want to go back? Im not clever enough, im not anything enough really. Hector: What I didnt want was to turn out boys who would claim In later life to have a deep love of literature. Has a boy ever made you unhappy? They used to do. See it as an Inoculation, Rather. Briefly painful, but providing immunity for however long it takes. Given the occasional Booster, Another Face, another reminder of the pain, It can last you half a life time. Love. Who could love me? Do they know? They know everthing? Dont touch him. He†ll think your a full. Dakin: How come theres such a difference between the way you teach and the way you live? Dakin: Hectors a Joke- Irwin: No, He isn;t, you see? Dakin, whats the difference between Mr. Hector touching us up on the bike, and your feeling up fiona. Posmer: Im not happy, but im not unhappy about it. Skrips: No. Love Apart, It is the only education worth having. I’d been on playground duty, so I saw him on what must have been his first morning†¦ Here, Scripps takes on the role of a narrator IRWIN: He was a good man but I do not think there is time for his kind of teaching anymore. SCRIPPS: No. Love apart it is the only kind of education worth having. Timms seems to suddenly step outside of time and say: The hitting never hurt. It was a joke. None of us cared. We lapped it up. This sudden switch into the past tense comes as a surprise, and may prompt the audience to wonder whether Timms is addressing them directly, from some future time in which he is looking back at the events being played out. The intrusion of future knowledge into the linear narrative of the play continues to cast a shadow over events, and becomes darker as the story progresses. At the start of Act 2 for example, we see another flash-forward, this time by ‘about five years’. Irwin is in his wheelchair once more, which tells us that his accident will be soon, and not in the more distant future as we may have first thought, increasing the sense of urgency and inevitability. In this future time, Irwin meets one of the students, identified only, to begin with, as ‘Man’. This label also expresses the passing of time through its contrast to ‘boy’, the term used in the title of the play and throughout to describe the students. This ‘Man’ is Posner,  perhaps the most fragile of the boys, who is now in therapy and desperately clinging to his past. He says of university: All the effort went into getting there and then I had nothing left. While Irwin’s fate is foreshadowed throughout, the fate of Hector comes as a tragic surprise. It is important to consider why it is Mrs Lintott who takes this role of retrospective narrator. Like Scripps, she has been an outsider, describing her separation from the male environment of the play in her metaphor: They kick their particular stone along the street and I watch. given them a deeper perception of time and its patterns. The total timescale of events described within The History Boys can therefore be seen to encompass about twenty years, but Bennett incorporates a much wider period by showing the historical and literary influences acting upon the characters. The classroom setting allows Bennett to use intertextuality freely to achieve this. This technique involves the reference of other, previously written texts within the play. Thomas Hardy’s ‘Drummer Hodge’, for example, is used to symbolise the connection between Hector and Posner: Posner: How old was he?†¨Hector: If he was a drummer, he would be a young soldier, younger than you probably.†¨Posner: No. Hardy.†¨Hector: Oh, how old was Hardy? When he wrote this, about sixty. My age, I suppose This prompts a moving discussion about loneliness and isolation. Hector can relate to the loneliness of the poem, being around the same age as Hardy was when he wrote it, and feeling a sense of unfulfilled ambition, of a life not lived. For Posner, a teenager dealing with his homosexuality in a school full of heterosexual boys, the loneliness of Drummer Hodge, a boy not much older than himself, is deeply affecting. Are seeing a play from the early 21st century, set in the 1980s, using a poem from the 1960s describing 1914. messages of the play: that we can learn from times beyond our own lives through the literature left scattered through the decades and centuries, in what Hector describes as a game of ‘pass it on’. Rudge’s ironic rendition of  Ã¢â‚¬ËœIt’s a Sin’ by the Pet Shop Boys (1987) also comments on the inevitable presence and role of sexuality and ‘sin’ in education. http://yr13practise.wordpress.com/2011/11/13/the-history-boys/ The History Boys therefore moves far beyond the initially restrictive time and space in which it is set to bind together influences from across the 20th century and before. This goes some way to explain the title itself; the boys, through their teachers and education, are moving into their future with history having become a fundamental part of their characters, personalities and lives. As the fateful accident is set in motion, Scripps notes:†¨And here, history rattled over the points†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¨To continue this train metaphor, Alan Bennett has not only presented the interchange station of the boys’ transition from school to university, but the long lines of railway that stretch backwards and forwards beyond it. my education at school was confined to what I needed to pass exams. Women: The representation of women is seen through the very few female characters in the play. -Bennett presents marriage as a confinement of social experience vs being central to a happy ending. -Both Hectors unexpected wife and the Mrs. Headmaster are absent from stage. -Glimpses of this marrige are represented as unhappy. -Both wifes help out at the charity shop -Hector clames that his wife would not be intrested in his fiddling of boys on the pillion – is Dorothy’s surmise that Mrs Hector had ‘sort of known all along’ about her husband and that ‘A husband in a low light, that’s what they want, these supposedly unsuspecting wives, the man’s lukewarm attentions, just what they married them for’. So, far from submissive, Hector’s wife has, arguably, some control in her marriage. Fionas Relationship with Dakin – Bennet explores the sexual stereyotype that women are used as objects rather – This is epitomized by Dakin’s statement that â€Å"I’m hoping one of the times might be on the study floor†¦ it’s like the Headmaster says one should have targets† – Dakin accentuates the relationship between sex and education as he notes the importance of measurable targets in pursuing Fiona. – comic upheaval of youth dominating age which again emphasises Fiona’s role in heightening male dominance. -Dakin compares sexual advances with Fiona and the advances of the British soldiers in the war. Fiona is depicted as his ‘Western Front’, a territory to be taken, and, more alarming, the enemy, the ‘Hun’; her body is ‘ground’ to be -depicts Fiona’s subservience and reaffirms her character as elevating male sexual accomplishment -degrades women’s role in society to be solely focused around pleasing men. Mrs.Lintott – She controversially comments on history as being â€Å"a commentary on the various and continuing incapabilities of men† – condemns the arrogant Dakin as ‘cunt-struck’. – She harnesses the derogatory male language of female private parts to derogate men, calling the Headmaster ‘twat’ -‘to go further down the same proscribed path, a condescending cunt’ – Bennett uses the character of Mrs Lintott to display the Headmaster’s idiocy in the first scene in which she appears on stage. He believes the boys need to â€Å"Think charm. Think Polish†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . However, Dorothy’s ironic response compares his idea of education to a â€Å"sprig of parsley† ,and subversively the Headmaster’s appearance on stage becomes the centre of the audience’s mockery. – however, Dorothy is, like Scripps, given a role as omniscient and perspicacious onlooker and observer of events over time – she satirically comments on society, stating they are â€Å"Pillars of a community that no longer has much use for pillars†. – further criticise â€Å"masculine ineptitude† as she demonstrates the unfulfilled outcome of the boys’ future as a result of the â€Å"masculine† approach to teaching. The comment that Dakin â€Å"like[s] money†,ironically denotes the value of an education focused solely on achieving ‘targets’. -self-absorbed behaviour of the male characters -However, Bennett excludes Mrs Lintott from the educational debate and presents her without any viewpoint on it -male dominant society that men are always in positions of influence and for a man to be inferior to a woman is inconceivable. – The headmaster is concerned with superficial ‘targets’,Hector believesâ€Å"all knowledge is precious†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and Irwin is chiefly concerned with originality and practical uses of it. Who are the History Boys? †¢ Dakin – The Stud †¢ Scripps – The Conscience †¢ Posner – The Lover/Poet †¢ Rudge – The Working Lad †¢ Akhtar – The Ethnic Minority †¢ Crowther – The Lip †¢ Timms – The Class Clown †¢ Lockwood – The Soldier Representations of Class †¢ Headmaster’s (BA Hull) snobbery: †¢ â€Å"They’re clever but they’re crass†¦Culture they can get from Hector, History they can get from you†¦Ã¢â‚¬  †¢ â€Å"They need polish. Edge†¦I want to see us up there!† Representations of Teaching Styles †¢ Mr Hector (General Studies): â€Å"Life Lessons† †¢ Mrs Dorothy Lintott (History): â€Å"Subject teaching† †¢ Mr Irwin (Oxbridge): â€Å"Exam boosters† †¢ The Head Master: â€Å"Results† â€Å"All knowledge is precious, whether or not it serves the slightest human use† †¢ AE Houseman †¢ â€Å"We won’t be examined on that, Sir†¦happiness† †¢ Question: What is education for? Teaching Style: Irwin †¢ Modern classroom of glass and plastic, bare walls, functional †¢ â€Å"I’d go to Newcastle and be happy† Fox, UK 15. Intertextuality as Commentary †¢ Noel Coward’s Brief Encounter: â€Å"Thank you for coming back to me† †¢ Drummer Hodge: Thomas Hardy â€Å"A saddish life. Though not unappreciated†¦Unkissed. Unrejoicing. Unconfessed. Unembraced† Representation of Gender †¢ â€Å"History’s a commentary on†¦ the continuing incapabilities of men†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Lintott) †¢ â€Å"Five centuries of masculine ineptitude† cf â€Å"The utter randomness of things† (Lintott) †¢ Question: How are the masculine and feminine represented in The History Boys 18. Schools as sexual sites – Fisher et al †¢ Sites of sexual opportunity, tension and competition †¢ Reinforced by popular culture, peer support †¢ Dominance of heteronormativity †¢ Male environments – homoeroticism of The History Boys 19. Representation of Sexuality 1 †¢ Representation of Male Adult Sexuality: †¢ â€Å"The transmission of knowledge is itself an erotic act† (Hector) †¢ â€Å"This is a school and it isn’t normal† (The Headmaster) †¢ â€Å"A grope is a grope† (Lintott) 20. Representation of Sexuality 2 †¢ Representation of Male Adolescent Awakening: †¢ Dakin’s ‘conquest’ †¢ Scripps’ faith †¢ Posner’s ‘in-love’ 21. Representation of Sexuality 3 †¢ Dakin’s proposition of Irwin †¢ Irwin’s response †¢ Question: What do you think of the representation of male (homo)sexuality in The History Boys? 22. Learning Styles †¢ â€Å"Mr. Hector’s stuff’s not meant for the exams. It’s to make us more rounded human beings† (Timms) †¢ â€Å"We’ve got the most important exam in our lives†¦We’re just sat here reading literature†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Lockwood) †¢ â€Å"Hector produces results but unpredictable and unquantiï ¬ able†¦There’s inspiration, certainly, but how do I quantify that?† (The Headmaster) †¢ â€Å"Lying works† (Dakin to Irwin) †¢ â€Å"He was a good man. But I don’t think there’s time for his kind of teaching anymore† (Irwin on Hector) †¢ â€Å"One of the hardest things for boys to learn is that a teacher is human. One of the hardest things for a teacher to learn is not to try and tell them† (Lintott) Bennetts presentation of marriage Education: Intetextuallity Analysis of women: shovinism

Provisions And Contingencies Essay

Under IFRSs IAS 37, a provision is recognized for a legal or constructive obligation arising from a past event, if there is a probable (more likely than not) outflow of resources and the amount can be estimated reliably (IAS 37.14). In contrast, according to FASB ASC 450-20-25-2, a contingency (provision) is recognized if it is probable (likely) that a liability has been incurred and the amount is reasonably estimated. Scenario 1 (1) Under IFRSs: According to IAS 37.22, the contamination of the land gives rise to a legal obligation for Energy because it is virtually certain the legislation that requires cleanup will be enacted. Also, it is probable that an outflow of resources will be required. Thus, a provision is recognized for the best estimate of the costs of the cleanup. (2) Under US GAAP: In the context of environmental remediation liabilities, it is probable that a liability has been incurred if an assessment related to a environment law has been asserted on or before the financial statements are issued and it is probable that the outcome will be unfavorable (FASB ASC 410-30-25-4). It is virtually certain that the draft law that requires cleanup will be enacted shortly after the year-end. Thus, a liability/contingency is recognized for the reasonably estimate the cleanup costs. Scenario 2 (1) Under IFRSs: The land contamination gives rise to a constructive obligation because the conduct of the entity has created a valid expectation in other parties that the entity will clean up the contamination (IAS 37.17). Also, it is probable that payments are required. Thus, a provision is recognized for the best estimate of the cleanup costs. (2) Under US GAAP: An environmental remediation liability should be recognized if an entity is a potentially responsible party to clean up the contamination and the entity has a record to determine that it is associated with the site (ASC 410-30-25-15). Thus, a liability/contingency is recognized for the best estimate of the cleanup costs. Scenario 3 (1) Under IFRSs: Under IAS 37.81, a restructuring provision does not include retraining or relocating staff costs because these expenditures relate to the future conduct of the business and are not liabilities for restructuring at the end of the reporting period. No retraining staff cost has taken place

Rhetorical Analysis Essay

Obesity rates are soaring throughout the United States. â€Å"Today, two thirds of American adults are obese or overweight†(Brink and Querna 620). This quote is explaining how obesity has become a concern for many people in our culture. The obesity rate among Americans has gotten worse over the years. The topic of weight is very prevalent among people in today’s society. Everywhere you look you see people of different weights and appearances. Obesity affects Americans of all ages, sexes, and racial/ethnic groups. This essay is targeting all Americans but talks mostly about the children and teenagers. Obesity can cause serious medical conditions such as diabetes and heart disease. Of the four essays in the â€Å"What (and How) should we eat† this essay’s argument has all three rhetorical appeals and pathos being the strongest in my opinion. The Essay establishes credibility by explaining some examples of relevance to the issue under debate. Like when Brinks and Querna say, â€Å"It’s everywhere†. Tank up your car, and you walk past soft pretzels with cheese sauce†. â€Å"Grab a cup of coffee, and you see doughnuts, danishes, and cookies the size of hubcaps†. Stop at Staples for an ink cartridge, and you confront candy bars at the register†. Stroll past the receptionist’s desk at the office, and find somebody’s leftover Christmas cookies, Valentine’s Day candy, Easter Peeps, birthday cake, or vacation saltwater taffy†(620). This is a very true statement because everywhere you look; there is an increase in high calorie sweets on the counters of any store. Americans believe that Obesity is becoming a serious issue here in the United States because a lot of his arguments are very true. This goes back to Americans believing that something should change or else there is going to be big health risk in their life. The essay uses pathos because it is incorporating fear into the target audience when it says â€Å"What’s worse, they project that the rise in obesity rates among children and teens could knock off as many as five years from today’s average of 77 years as overweight people in that generation  grow up and die prematurely. Diseases associated with obesity, such as diabetes, heart disease, kidney disease, and some cancers†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Brinks and Querna 620). This will cause the target audience to think twice about eating a high calorie meal because dying young scares a lot of people. This is a good strategy to know about obesity because fear is one of the strongest emotions for every human being. Eliciting fear into Americans will make them think twice about eating unhealthy. The essay also establishes logos because it has an abundant of statistics everywhere. One Example of this is â€Å"the early 1980s, food production came to an average of 3,300 calories a day available to every person. Then farm policy changed, and farmers no longer plowed food under or slaughtered animals to be entitled to subsidies. Today, America produces enough food to allow every man, woman, and child 3,900 calories a day†( Brinks and Querna 621). This quote is explaining how we have the opportunity to eat a lot more than we used to and is one of the reasons why people are turning obese. These Statistics are precise because there has been an increase in the amount of food we can eat. The essay also establishes authority because it quotes some high status professors. One example is â€Å" ‘Food is never just the physical product itself, it’s invested with national meanings, associated with comfort and nostalgia. There are class associations. Food can be elegant or cultured’ † (Stephanie Hartman 621). She is a professor who teaches a course at the University of America in Washington D.C. call ed â€Å"Food and Media†. There are many other quotes that the authors use in his essay. Since they are of high status, the target audience feels that they must trust what they are saying since they teach in those fields. It does have some bias though because evidently you can ignore the food and choose not to eat it. But the authors talk about how hard it is to say no to food when it says, â€Å"Riddled with anxiety, we take our meals with equal parts pleasure and guilt. We might say an internal no a dozen times a day, then give in to the Krispy Kreme near the bus†¨stop on the way home†( Brinks and Querna 622). Bringing awareness to the issue is the first step in creating a solution to the problem. This essay effectively employs Aristotle’s three main rhetorical strategies to gain the assurance of Americans that obesity is becoming a serious issue here in the United States. He specifically uses a strong use of logos to convince the target audience about this growing issue. Susan Brinks and Elizabeth Quernas  expertise of ethos, logos, and pathos have successfully informed Americans about Obesity.